It s More Than A Game - 1258 Words

Caleb Carrothers English October 26, 2015 It’s More Than a Game A young man who had grown up in the horrors of Burundi’s civil war, had been warned of the dangers that exist in America. As he sat in his dorm room, all he could hear were constant gunshots, he looked outside but there was nothing to be found. He did whatever he could to block out the sounds of gunshots because it â€Å"brought back images from his home village in Burundi† (Irankunda). At dinnertime, his next-door neighbor explained that the gunshots were from a video game that he was playing. The neighbor offered him the chance to play the video games, but the young man explained: â€Å"you know, I’ve seen the real thing. So I’m not really interested. I’m sorry† (Irankunda). The†¦show more content†¦According to CNN, 90% of America’s youth ranging from eight to sixteen year olds play about thirteen hours of video games a week (Saidi and Gross). Video games have become such a prominent part of our society and have affected vi ewers in a negative way through the countless violent acts portrayed throughout the games, promoting violent behaviors among the youth in our society. Thousands of video games are produced and distributed each year. And out of all of the games created â€Å"It s the mature games, the ones with lots of adult content -- especially violence –that get the most attention† (Haynes). One of the most popular, yet violent, video games is Grand Theft Auto, a game where users take on the role of a criminal and kill characters –including civilians, police officers, prostitutes, and gang members. The profanity, sexual content, drinking and drug use is also at an extreme in Grand Theft Auto game series. Although the game is designed for adults only, most of the users are youth. Another violent video game that attracts youth is Walking Dead, which is an adventure game. Although it looks like an animated comic, it is one of the worst games for kids. Throughout the adventurous game, users are put in dangerous situations with zombies, many human characters are killed, and when the zombie’s bite a user’s character, blood pours from their wounds. There are countless violent video games being sold, and regardless of the age requirements, the

The Networks Creation And Evolution Of Powerful Girl...

Via textual analysis, content analysis, discourse analysis, interviews, and primary and secondary sources, this study used a cultural studies and historical lens to explore and comprehend the representation of tween girls on Disney Channel television series. This research project sought to answer questions about meanings of the network’s creation and evolution of powerful girl characters. In so doing, it examined culture—particularly dominant American ideologies about girls— and industry, mainly, Disney as an institution that serves as an instrument of dominant ideology by pressing its views upon its audience. This dissertation has identified the reasons and motivations for presentations of girls with hidden magical powers, and the decade’s social, historical, and industrial influence and impact on Disney programming. This dissertation has also shown how Disney has influenced society and history too with its persistent and sometimes pervasive portrayals of tween girls resulting in a tween marketing frenzy and more attention being paid to girl’s issues. This study has come up with an enhanced understanding of Disney Channel within concrete social, historical, and institutional contexts. The process of historicizing Disney Channel in chapter one by finding connections between national events and the various series studied effectively addressed the intertwined cultural and commercial dynamics of the network. This analysis has firmly established the networkShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pageslegislative decisions, many communities in the Midsouth area could not gain access to reasonable transportation services, thus retarding business and economic development. With no one to represent their concerns to the state government, a group of powerful businesspeople formed the MSCC to lobby the legislature on the issue of transportation access. The MSCC dealt with this single issue until the 1930s, when its charter was changed to include a broader range of issues affecting the business communityRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 Pages... 2.3 Further resources ........................................................................................................ 2.3 1 2 2.1 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8 8.1 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 The evolution of selling The importance of selling for a financial institution The sales professional as a ‘trusted adviser’ 2.4 2.4 2.6 The role of the sales professional ..................................................................... 2.5 Risks associated

Health Literacy Impact On Health Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Health literacy is defined as â€Å" The grade to which persons have the capacity to obtain, procedure, and understand basic wellness information and services needed to do appropriate wellness determinations † ( Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, 2010 ) , the word Health literacy was foremost appeared in 1974 in a paper which calls for â€Å" instruction criterions for all grade school degrees in USA † ( Carolyn Speros, 2004 ) . Some recent plants suggest that there is a relation between literacy, low wellness and premature deceases ( Christina Zarcadoolas et Al, 2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Health Literacy Impact On Health Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Awareness on Health literacy The construct of wellness literacy was foremost originated in early old ages and it was recognised as an independent research field in 1990s ( Andrew pleasant and Shyama Kuruvilla, 2008 ) . The consciousness on the wellness and the literacy is often raising, and several authoritiess are implementing assorted national programmes to raise literacy degrees and wellness criterions. The authorities and some administrations are implementing wellness consciousness programmes in the community, and they promote them through media societal selling through printed stuffs. However, people who can read booklets and printed text can merely cognize the information in it. So accessibility to wellness information is a cardinal factor among every person in community, which can be achieved by wellness literacy ( Heather and Lisa Langille, 2006 ) . There are so many states holding low literacy rates. Heather and Lisa Langille ( 2006 ) stated that literacy is the indispensable BASIC for wellness literacy and person ‘s life reflects the relationship with wellness and literacy. WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health recognised that, literacy as holding a cardinal function in make up one’s minding wellness inequalities in both developed and undeveloped states. Even a rich state has fewer literacy accomplishments among persons, which may connote hapless wellness cognition every bit good. The ratio of people missing of operational literacy in single states of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ranges about from 7 % to 47 % ( UN Development Program, 2007 ) . Appraisal of Health literacy and its result Health literacy can be estimated through, Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine ( REALM ) and the Test of Functional Literacy in Adults ( TOFHLA ) . Even so, Andrew pleasant and Shyama Kuruvilla, 2008, argues that none of these make sense of an appropriate measuring of wellness literacy. The Trial of Functional literacy in grownups merely concentrates on single capacity to read the medical information on some medical faux pass and labels. Rather than there are tonss of research works done on the subject of wellness literacy and its attack in public wellness, which provides best illustrations along with good information and major accomplishments. Health Literacy and its impact on single wellness The jobs associated with the wellness literacy have been identified by the research workers in the last 10 old ages. They came to cognize the function played by it in the medical every bit good as the person ego attention by the comprehension of information related to wellness and the results related to it ( Carolyn Speros, 2004 ) . The people withA hapless literacy degrees may be prone to hold bad wellness position and demo more unhealthy behaviors like inordinate intoxicant consumption and smoke ( San Diego, Calif 2004 ) .The People holding low wellness literacy may possessA weak communicating accomplishments on wellness related issues may take to improper diagnosing of their wellness status and inappropriate use of medicine and utilizing of wellness attention services provided by the authorities are besides misused. Which factors have the major impact on the wellness results of the persons? Don Nutbeam, 2008 have proposed three critical points where the wellness literacy shows its impact on community, they are making to the wellness attention services, Communication between the wellness attention staff and patients, and personal attention. The people with low wellness cognition might hold more opportunities to take an unhealthy life style due to the deficiency of minimal wellness consciousness on the bar ofA several infective diseases, A properA utilizing of the inoculations and hapless direction of assorted unwellnesss, and there is a more opportunity of geting diseases because wellness result wholly depends on self direction of the patient. The people with low literacy accomplishments are passing four times more outgo on their wellness attention, harmonizing to some estimations in United States more than 75 % of people holding chronic mental or physical unwellness comes under hapless literacy class ( Marie Ivnik and Maureen y, 2008 ) . A individual with the ability to read and understand the basic degree wellness issues have the capacity to do usage of wellness attention services, and they can pull off their wellness by lifestyle alteration and by increasing their life criterions at an single and community degree ( D on Nutbeam, 2008 ) . Health literacy improves the populace to entree available information of wellness and the ability to give appropriate feedback on his ain wellness position, determination doing on wellness and can take a disease free life style which lessens the frequent visits to infirmaries ( Carolyn Speros, 2004 ) . Different ways to advance Health Literacy Assorted consciousness programmes conducted by authorities such as national obliteration programmes in bar of Poliomyelitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis, etc. , and some consciousness programmes on maternal wellness, pediatric wellness, etc. are advancing wellness literacy by educating the people on diseases and its preventative method. Health literacy may be promoted through ocular media, printed stuff, and cyberspace beginnings. However, these beginnings sometimes do n’t demo satisfactory results. The people who are nonreaders and who unable to utilize internet beginnings and those who can non read the printed information are misapplying these services. Egbert N and Nanna KM 2009, suggests that the wellness information should be made in a user friendly mode which is in an easy accessible mode which explicit information with ocular links. The best manner to advance wellness literacy is through the direct interaction by wellness attention suppliers with the people who can non read. Nurses and other wellness attention individuals should move as Health voluntaries and make a convenient environment so that the people can interact with wellness pedagogues and discourse on wellness issues, attempts are made to increase patient and physician interaction ( Tanya L and Al-Assaf, 2006 ) . Decision Health literacy plays a cardinal function on the overall wellness and well-being. Multiple factors like proper use of wellness attention services, communicating of wellness issues with wellness attention suppliers, taking healthy life style, A good hygienic conditions, taking preventative steps like immunization, which might demo to impact an person ‘s physical and mental wellbeingA A are straight or indirectly associated with wellness literacy. So it is suggested that advancing wellness literacy will do a healthy community, and it should be considered as a primary public wellness end. How to cite Health Literacy Impact On Health Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Urban Ecology Social Living Organism

Question: Describe about the Urban Ecology for Social Living Organism. Answer: What is urban ecology and which school of sociology developed it? Study of the Urban Ecology helps to understand the connection between the social and physical dimension. The urban sociology was formulated at the University of Chicago by a man by the name Robert Ezra. Throughout his career at the University, he led a group of dedicated sociologists in the direct and systematic observation. From the research, they understood that a city was a highly ordered mosaic different regions either the industrial districts ethnic communities, with the various ethnic communities. The city has operations of like of social living organism, which is maintained and attracts people to the city. As the towns grow gradually, it shows that individuals with specific residential have some things in common, three factors can be able to explain the variation which are the family pattern, social classes, and race/ ethnicity. What are Glocks five dimensions of religiosity? Religiosity measures the significance of ones religious attributes in his life. This is according to the five distinct Charles Glock dimensions which include experimental religiosity which relates to personal emotional ties to the faith. The second dimension is the conventional approach which reflects the frequency of performing ritual activities such as attending prayer and church. We also have the ideological religiosity that contemplates the religious ethos and its intensity of an individual. Then we have another component, that is consequential religiosity that look on the matter of influence level of religiosity on the daily activities of a person. Lastly, we have the intellectual religiosity that concerns on the depth of knowledge for any historic contents and principles of a specific religion. How do sociologists distinguish between the terms sex and gender? Gender denotes determination of social attributes and conceptional difference of hierarchies between male and female. Gender influences various aspects of social life by shaping our thinking and leaving impact on our way of interactions both in personal and professional ground. Whereas sex may be male or female unlike the gender that differntiates class like feminine, masculine etc. Sociologists have termed sex such as biological nature. What are the differences between heterosexism and homophobia? Indigenous Politics Heterosexism is an ideology that discriminates or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that it is an inferior a whole group of fellow citizens. Heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation is a violation of the human rights, and this increasingly challenges the society. Homophobia is the discrimination against the homosexuals. People are intolerant of homosexuals are likely to be more authoritarian more dogmatic. Recently the human rights activists have come to recognize the problem in the homophobia cases. What is the difference between the terms ethnicity and race? Ethnicity refers to basic shared historical and cultural heritage. In most cases, people term ethnicity and race interchangeably but in the right language race is a kind of flurry and controversial topic which refers to the section of individuals who share similar biological traits whose members of a community deem socially significant. People from different races can be separated on the basis of physical appearance, completion, texture of the hair, structure of the body and facial formation. This matter of race has been an issue due to the occurrence of migration and interrealted marriage over long time of human history; so many genetic characteristics are evident all throughout the world. What are the common features of new social movements? Politics has always had the move, and things change, in the of the twenty-first century it is claimed to be the era of new politics in the making. It is characterized by the partial breakup of nations- states, global political scenarios, the creation of the new political dimensions like the European Union. There were mass mobilization and social movement In the western countries, in his book Social Movements 1768-2004, (Tilley, 2004) he mentioned social movements are made of three components. They organize public campaigns to declare the common claims in front of the target audiences. They ally with the political actions that ranges from the public meetings, processions, campaigns, rallies and planned associations. They represent themselves as reliable to the public and tries to assure them that they doing everything for the sake of good.

Group Motivation free essay sample

This chapter has talked about how to get people motivated and what it takes to meet the member’s needs. â€Å"Group motivation provides the inspiration, incentives, and reasons that move group members to work together to achieve a common goal† (Engleberg amp; Wynn, 2010, p. 138). Engleberg and Wynn (2010) stated, â€Å"Without motivation, we may know what we need to do and even how to do it, but we lack the will and energy to do it† (p. 138). Some members may not have high achievement needs; instead, they focus on meeting the needs of others. Many people work in groups for several reasons. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Engleberg amp; Wynn, 2010) there are two categories of needs: satisfiers and motivators. The satisfiers are people whom like to give people material things; however, the motivators are a good essential to the group more so than the satisfiers. These categories are broken down into eight personality types. We will write a custom essay sample on Group Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of these can be both positive and negative influences in group motivation. The extrovert personality encourages interaction and provides frequent feedback† (Engleberg amp; Wynn, 2010, p. 142). Engleberg and Wynn (2010), â€Å"intuitive personality encourages creativity, visioning and brainstorming within the group that will help the members to be better prepared and present a better product†. According to Engleberg and Wynn (2010), the feeler strategies include discussing impact of decisions and how they affect others, as well as, encouraging cooperation and harmony, also the judger provides agendas and set realistic deadlines while setting standards and expectations of the group. The thinker strategies for motivation are to encourage the decision making. The thinker’s personality could be both positive and negative. All these personalities combined will make a group strong, keep the members grounded and focused, aid in group decision making and help settle conflict with discussion rather the arguments. Also, these personalities contribute to positive team cohesion forming a tight bond, sense of responsibility and group unity. The negative personality types are introvert, sensor and sometimes the thinker. The introvert personality believes the group does not use their time wisely. The sensor believes that groups can be easily distracted and lose focus on the task at hand. The perceiver personality type is similar to the sensor personality but is also different. Perceivers believe that people in groups procrastinate and rush the task at hand last minute resulting in failure. These personalities are more negative than positive and could cause conflict, disagreements, and division between group members causing the group cohesion to deter. Cohesion affects groups in both positive and negative ways. Some groups may share common views and agree on a specific topic, but most group members share different views and have to come up with a way to agree to disagree. As a result, groups could become divided into counterparts or smaller groups due to disagreements and conflict. This is where maintenance roles come into play are needed to settle the situation. The harmonizer of the group will help the resolve conflict while the observer tries to express everyone’s point of view so that everyone understands. The compromiser would get everyone to agree to disagree to settle conflicts while the gatekeeper would try to get the silent person to speak out which may settle everything. Group maintenance roles are important and help keep team cohesion positive. The different roles will assist groups in settling conflict, motivating one another lend a helping hand when needed and keep the lines of communication open amongst group members. In conclusion, group motivation is a good asset for working in groups. The first reason would be because it helps the team member work better together. It is easier to get the assignments done. As a group people need to have a sense of the following thing so that they can feel that they belong in a group, a sense of meaningfulness of choice and be competence of the thing they are doing for the group and making progress knowing that as a group you are getting something accomplished. In addition, you should get feedback from your other group member good or bad as a member of this group. The group should always encourage its member to do better and perform at the very top of their ability to be number one because the rewards are great at the end for the group.

Can we legalize Marihuana essays

Can we legalize Marihuana essays I am going to write about the cause and effects on the use of marihuana. A lot of people use marihuana and they dont realize that they are making damage to their self. And they dont know what effects in a long term could have in using marihuana. They use it because of the immediate effect it produce on their body and their mind. This is a drug commonly used by people of all ages, specially teenagers. The primary causes of using this drug is family problems and group pressure. Although it is a socially used drug among people of all ages. Too many of these people have low self esteem problems and they use it to be part of a group. Others use it to forgot their problems for a moment. Almost anybody knows some friend or somebody that have access to drugs. Some persons use it because of a health problem such as cancer or a severe asthma. In some cases the doctor recommends it for some medical cases, because they have the faculty to prescribe it as a pain reliever. But the secondary effects are worst than the disease itself. But this is an issue highly discussed in the medical family. They are not totally sure of this. They lack on studies that demonstrate categorically that the use of this drug is of benefit for the patient. For that reason this drug is still prohibited. The effects of this drug can vary depending on the person that use it. For some kids have very bad effects such as bad grades, bad relations with family or friends or even school drop out. Cause it leads for use of some other drugs that are potentially more addictive and dangerous. Is good that it is illegal because of our own protection. Imagine a bunch of people with no brains on the streets. The accidents on the road would increase because a person that is in marihuana effects cant reason well. The people under the effects of marihuana are crazy and they dont care about nothing. ...

Business Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Behaviour - Essay Example Just like any other product in the market, Samsung Galaxy S4 pricing criteria were done in consideration of various aspects. There are a number of variables, which the device company has to consider before determining the pricing options of the gadget. One of the main issues that the company considers during the determination of the pricing system is the aspect of protecting consumer interests. In this case, the mobile company has to understand the consumer behaviors in the market before deciding the pricing system of the product (Courcoubetis 2003, 36). The aspect of consumerism and ethics comes in handy during the pricing system. Samsung Company considers ethics during the pricing process. The satisfaction aspect by the consumers and in this case the Samsung Galaxy S4 users is also put under consideration. The other factor that the company considers during the pricing process is the potential usage situation by the consumers of the device. Alternatively, the Samsung Galaxy S4 considers some of the factors, which would cause customers commitments to the company and in this case, to the Samsung Galaxy brand. The ability of Samsung Galaxy S4 to perform better than some of the alternative brands is also considered during the pricing process. External influences play a key role in determining the pricing process of the mobile device. In doing this, the mobile marketers have to consider if the segment really holds different values that relates to the pricing aspect. Some of these aspects include the conspicuous consumption or the aspect of credit. Alternatively, the mobile company has to consider whether the segment has sufficient income especially after covering expenses. In some cases, the company also puts a consideration on lowering the price of the device in order to allow the device fetch sufficient relative advantage for the purposes of diffusion. The aspect of whether the

Nursing Advocacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Advocacy - Essay Example As such, when nurses spend more time with their patients, as part of the advocacy role, they would risk jeopardizing the undertaking of other responsibilities needed in their respective units. The patient advocacy role has always been regarded to be imbibed in the nursing profession (Wood, 2010). The benefits associated with being patient advocate include promotion of the core values of preserving human dignity, respecting patient equality, and recognizing the need for patients to free them from pain and suffering (Jacksonville University, 2014). In addition, assuming a patient advocate role would assist in gaining the trust of patients so that more accurate assessment of the patients’ conditions from their own perspectives are relayed in the most accurate manner. The honest and accurate disclosure of the patients’ feelings and conditions from their points of views would assist in providing the appropriate interventions to facilitate treatment, as required. Negarandeh, R., Oskouie, F., Ahmadi, F., Nikravesh, M., & Hallberg, I. (2006, March 1). Patient advocacy: barriers and facilitators. Retrieved from BMC Nursing:

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR Strategy for DeVry, Inc - Essay Example Wal Mart is a typical US success story. Founded in 1962 as the vision of a single man, Sam Walton, the super stores today symbolize American entrepreneurship. Wal Mart has consistently been regarded as one of the best Fortune 500 companies in the United States over the years. This has been feasible because of the unflinching commitment of the management to the customer and its focus on people including its employees denoted as associates. Wal Mart is a global company with more than 1.3 million associates, 5000 stores and wholesale clubs in over 15 countries. It is the most admired retailer and generated over $ 256 billion in global revenue with an increase in $ 26 billion in sales in 2004. The company has consistently delivered high levels of growth and benefits to customers as well as share holders. On the basis of its overall vision and culture, Wal Mart has based its personnel selection, development and growth strategies on the principles of transparency, equality of opportunity, diversity and effective use of automation. Growth is attained by providing personnel opportunities for aptitude and career alignment, training and continuous objective feed back. This achieves loyalty, affiliation and continuity for the company. The policy of diversity enables effective alignment of the associate with the customer base which is derived from all communities. The detailed nuances of the personnel development policies of Wal Mart in relation to the above facets are being covered herein:- (a) Non Discrimination in Selection. The company follows non discriminatory policy of hiring and selection of its Associates which is the first tier of employees. Wal Mart's HR Strategy comprises of development of effective processes for all its systems such as hiring, selection and so on.

Planet formation theory

Planet formation theory Introduction Formation of the Solar System Accretion of solid bodies led to formation planetesimals protoplanets planets Planet formation is a much talked upon topic amongst scientists, although most agree with Viktor Safronovs planet formation theory. Safronov proposed the planetesimal hypothesis, which states, planets are created from dust particles which undergo collisions and stick together, eventually forming larger and larger bodies. The dust particles collide due to the gravitational forces exerted on upon the surrounding gasses by the protoplanetary disk. The protoplanetary disk is a rotating disk of matter which includes gas and dust, which surrounds newly formed stars.As the bodies increase in sizes to upwards of 1 kilometer, their own gravitational forces help them in supplementary growth into protoplanets. Another theory which tries to explain the formation of the universe was the gravitational collapse theory, which says planets form much like stars through the swift contraction of hydrogen clouds in the nebula. Although this theory provides a model of the creation of the universe, it does nt fit the available data, and cannot explain the creation of terrestrial-mass planets. 1 1 http://www.deepfly.org/TheNeighborhood/7c3-Evolution.html Terrestrial inner planets vs. Outer giant gaseous planets Our solar system consists of 8 planets, which orbit around the sun. The four inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Theses planets are composed of heavier elements such as Iron, Silicon, Magnesium, Sulphur, and Nickel, as such they are all terrestrial planets. The four outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are composed of lighter elements, mostly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium. The differences between the outer gaseous planets and the inner terrestrial planets can all be explained by the theory of accretion and of the activity of the protoplanetary disc. Accretion is the process by which debris and dust are joint together through collisions due to gravitational forces within the protoplanetary disc. Findings show that gaseous components of begin to dispel soon after the star birth, and the nebula is fully depleted within just several million years. As such in many cases, accretion would take place at a greater rate than the depletion of gases, al lowing protoplanets of critical mass about 10 times that of Earth, to form within this time. Outer gas giants are formed within the ice line of the solar system where there is a high concentration of ice and gases allowing many collisions to place and as such create a planet of large critical mass. On the other hand, Terrestrial planets form much slower than gaseous planets, since they are composed in the ice line, a region which give little orbital space and mostly rocky and metallic materials. Their slow accretion rates are due to the fact that this region does not possess as much ice and gasses as the other regions. After the process of accretion, protoplanets of sizes of several hundred kilometres are formed, and these planets face many more collisions, eventually becoming Terrestrial planets. 1 1http://www.deepfly.org/TheNeighborhood/7c3-Evolution.html Formation of planetary rings Planetary rings are rings of dust, rocks, and other small particles orbiting around a planet in a flat circular motion, as seen in figure 1. These planetary rings are found in the four outer gaseous planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A prime example of this would be the ever famous rings of Saturn. The source of particles for these planetary rings can be traced back to the numerous collisions of Icy planetesimals which caused fragmentations and so bring forth many smaller pieces. Although the real mystery which plagues the minds of scientists, is how the material which make up these enormous rings were brought to their present position inside the gravitational radius of the planets. This process may have been different for every ring system. For instance, Jupiters rings are to be in a mature state, with balance between the loss of particles, and the production of new ones, supplied from the planets inner moons. On the other hand, scientists are divided over their beliefs o n how the rings of Saturn were formed. Some believe the rings are remnants of the protoplanetary process, whiles others believe the rings have just come into existence only several million years ago. 1 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/553008/solar-system/242067/Formation-of-ring-systems Asteroid belt, between , Mars and Jupiter Asteroids are small irregularly shaped bodies of material composed of rocks and metals, which rotate the sun in a region between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are also known as Small Solar System Bodies (SSSBs), along with other irregular shaped materials such as comets. One theory suggests that asteroids are the remains of a larger protoplanet which faced a cataclysmic collision resulting in its numerous partitions, yet this theory fails to explain why there are exactly so many asteroids in the asteroid belt. Therefore scientists widely consider the following as the correct hypothesis on the creation of the asteroid belt. It is believed that asteroids are the remnants of protoplanetary matter formed by the protoplanetary disc, which can be seen by the immense number of asteroids in our solar system. Asteroids are leftover since they were within the immense gravitational radius of Jupiter, causing them to undergo destructive collisions, and even at times slinging them at a course beyon d the gravitational energies of our solar system. Therefore, no planetesimals could be formed and thus, the rocky matter remains continuously orbiting the sun.1 http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm Formation of Earths moon We as humans need the moon. For it is the Moon`s orbit around the Earth that gives our planet a stable rotation, preventing polar shifts, which could lead to catastrophic results in global climate. Some scientists even believe the moon was a fundamental factor in the evolutionary cycle of life on earth. This is because the moon is of the main causes of Tides on Earth, and these very tides were a fundamental factor in the migration of amphibians into coastal regions, and eventually onto land. 2 Approximately 4.5 billion years ago, around the time of Earth`s formation, other protoplanetary bodies were also growing. At one point a protoplanetary body hit the Earth, sending massive amounts of debris into outer space, as seen in figure 2 (below). This debris started orbiting the Earth and eventually amassed into the moon. This theory is widely accepted since it is able to explain why the moon is not composed of an iron. The moon does not contain an iron core since, at the time of the coll ision the Earth had already depleted all of the Iron into its core, and the protoplanets iron core fused with the Earth`s core, thus only rocky matter rid of all iron was released into space. Secondly, the Earth and the moon share the same isotope composition, which can only be if the moon were formed from material from the Earth. Other theories which tried to explain the formation of the moon are the following. First, it was proposed that the Moon is a separate planetary body which formed around Earth, and went into its orbit, yet this theory failed to explain why the moon contains a core that lacks iron. Second, it was hypothesized that the moon formed elsewhere in the solar system at a place with little iron, and was gravitated into an orbit around earth, but this theory could not justify the fact that the moon`s oxygen isotope composition was the same as Earths. Third, it was proposed that the Earth had spun so fast that it spun off the moon, explaining the equivalent isotope co mposition and iron-less core, yet it failed when proper calculation were done which concluded that the moons present orbit could not take place if this hypothesis were to be correct. 2 http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/moon_mechanics_0303018.html 1http://www.psi.edu/projects/moon/moon.html Unusual rotation of Uranus http://www.solarviews.com/eng/uranus.htm http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/uranus-article.html Concluding Paragraph

Reality: Influenced by an Individual’s Perception and Interpretation E

Reality: Influenced by an Individual’s Perception and Interpretation When the term reality is mentioned, many questions arise regarding what reality is and what is real originate also. Unfortunately, many of these questions are yet to be answered since determining reality and what is real are left to each individual’s imagination - for one to determine reality as he or she sees fit. A dictionary may provide a definition for the word reality, but things that constitute reality may never be entirely defined because it is one of those things that is almost completely based on an individual’s perception and interpretation. A dictionary may also provide a definition for the word perception and the word interpretation, but many individuals perceive and interpret many things very differently. With the vast variation of people, thoughts, and beliefs in our world, how should society determine the boundaries of reality? On the other hand, is it even possible to set specific limits when considering reality? The movie chosen, as a springboard into the forthcoming philosophical discussion, was â€Å"Dark City†, A Mystery Clock Production by New Line Cinema directed by Alex Proyas. The movie raised many interesting questions and produced many engaging comments. At the very beginning of the movie, you hear the voice of Dr. Schreber, played by Kieffer Sutherland. He begins by saying, â€Å"They [the â€Å"Strangers†] had mastered the ultimate technology, the ability to alter physical reality by will alone.†i[1] If the â€Å"Strangers† are altering reality, the people of the city will never truly know what is real and what is artificial. Consequently, the city in which they live is all artificial and made up. We as viewers can see this, but ... ...ed and are likely to continue to remain unanswered for many years to come. It is highly doubtful the term reality will ever be entirely and unrestrictedly measurable. Notes: i[1] Dr. Daniel P. Schreber in â€Å"Dark City† – the movie. ii[2] Detective Walenski in â€Å"Dark City† – the movie. iii[3] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 5. iv[4] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 9. v[5] Ludlow, Peter. â€Å"High Noon on the Electronic Frontier†. P 24. vi[6] Collins Gem Dictionary and Thesaurus. P 450. vii[7] Collins Gem Dictionary and Thesaurus. P 335. viii[8] www.philosophypages.com/dy/ix3.htm#real – the definition of reality. ix[9] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 213. x[10] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 3. xi[11] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 5. xii[12] Woolley, Benjamin. â€Å"Virtual Worlds†. P 3.

A Teacher’s Education And how it Affects Student Learning

In 2005, the U.S. will have over 54 million children in schools and teachers will total 3.5 million.   To keep up with this number, 200,000 teachers will need to be recruited annually.The inability to produce this many is causing states to issue emergency certification programs lasting only 4-8 weeks and then throwing these teachers into schools, many of them inner-city.   But even with the No Child Left Behind policies in place, America is still severely lacking in achievement levels and grades then other countries.   This is because the level of education a teacher has influences how well a student achieves and teachers are not getting the proper training or education needed.There are statistics coming out that show that a student’s achievement really relies on what a teacher’s educational level is.   Research shows that the quality of teaching is actually the largest school related factor associated with achievement.   A study in Tennessee and Dallas showed that a good teacher could raise a child’s grade by a whole level over the course of a year.The good grades were found to be cumulative, showing kids who had a good teacher for three straight years rose from the 59th percentile in fourth grade to the 76th percentile in the sixth grade.   But kids that had teachers, who were classified not as effective as the first group, went from the 60th percentile in fourth grade to the 42nd percentile by the time they reached sixth grade.   (Robert Rothman, 2004.)As America grows, it’s no surprise that more kids are coming into the school systems.   The problem is that universities can’t produce enough teachers to keep up.   That is a reason why 41 states have developed Alternative programs aimed at getting people a teacher’s certificate in four to eight weeks.These programs train a person in basic training for the classroom, basic training on how to make lesson plans and they reduce the requirements for state licenses, so that they can be hired for an emergency.   The American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence’s â€Å"Passport to Teaching Certification† reduce the time a person spends studying to teach.   It also eliminates practice teaching in a classroom.   Since teaching requires practice and mastery of the subject, without practice teaching, the person just gets rushed through to the real classroom.Teach for America gives students a summer crash course in teaching and then gives them a class, usually inner city, the following fall.   They have an astronomical 75% turnover rate though!   Most emergency hiring happens in inner-city schools, which means that these very basically trained teachers are thrown in the most disadvantaged schools.   (Reg Weaver, 2004.)A national sample of teachers showed that if they had lower academic qualifications, they were less likely to stay teaching.   80,000 teachers have come out of these alternative programs, but only 40% have stayed teaching past year three.   Statistics are supporting that the â€Å"strongest negative predictor of a state’s student achievement are the proportion of new teachers who are uncertified and the proportion who hold less then a minor in the field they teach.†Ã‚   (quote1.)At the annual American Educational Research Association meeting in 2004, they brought to light that Kindergarten kids are scoring 1.26 test score points lower with teachers who were issued an emergency license them by a fully-certified teacher.   The American Institute for Research also found that 8th graders scored 9% higher in math if they had teachers who specialized in math and had a certificate in math.

Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays

Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Essays - Jackie Robinson, Free Essays Jackie Robinson (1919-72) Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia., on January 31, 1919 to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. He grew up in Pasadena, California. In high school and at Pasadena Junior College he showed great athletic skill in track, basketball, football, and baseball. He left school in 1941 and was drafted the following year for Army service during World War II. After receiving a medical discharge in 1945, Jackie Robinson decided to tryout for the Boston Red Sox, but ended up not making the team. He spent a year playing baseball with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. Later he played in the 1946 season with the Montreal Royals, a Dodgers farm club, and led the International League in hitting with a .349 average. He stole 40 bases and scored 113 runs. When the Dodgers opened their 1947 season, Robinson was playing second base. On April 10, 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black player to sign a major league contract in the 20th century. During his first game, Jackie went hitless in three at-bats, but flawlessly handled 11 chances at first base. In 1947, Jackie hit .297 and stole 29 bases while also playing first base for the Dodgers. Jackie led the National League in stolen bases and was named rookie of the year. The main problem he had to overcome was controlling his short temper after hearing so many racial remarks from the crowds and other ball players, including his own teammates. On July 12, 1949, Jackie Robinson made his All-Star game debut for the National league. This was the first time that a black player participated in an All-Star game. On October 6, 1949, Jackie Robinson scored the only run in the Dodgers 1-0 win over the New York Yankees in game two of the World Series. This was the only game that the Dodgers won in the 1949 World Series. In 1949, with a .342 average, he was named the most valuable player in the league. He was one of the game's best base runners, with a total of 197 stolen bases. The Dodgers won six National League pennants during Robinson's ten playing years. On December 13, 1956, the Brooklyn Dodgers traded Jackie Robinson to the Dodger's rival team, the New York Giants in hopes that Robinson would be able to boost the low attendance. He was being traded for a pitcher named Dick Littlefield and $35,000 in cash. At this time, Robinson was having problems with his legs and was thinking about quitting baseball. Less than a month later, Jackie retired from baseball in 1956 with a lifetime batting average of .311. On January 23, 1962, the Baseball Writers Association of America elected Jackie Robinson to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Robinson became the first African-American to be elected. After retirement he became a vice-president of a New York restaurant firm and the president of a land-development company. From 1964 to 1968 he served as special assistant for civil rights to Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. He also worked with drug-prevention programs. Robinson starred in the motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story which was made in 1950 and was the author, with Alfred Duckett, of I Never Had It Made in 1972. On October 24, 1972, Jackie Robinson died from a heart attack at the age of 53 in Stamford, Connecticut. Ten days earlier, Robinson had thrown out the first pitch at the beginning of the second game in the 1972 World Series.

History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essays

History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essays History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essay History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essay Fasting cleanses the psyche, raises the head, subjects one s flesh to the spirit, renders the bosom contrite and low, scatters the clouds of sexual desire, quenches the fire of lecherousness, and kindles the true visible radiation of celibacy. Enter once more into yourself ( Saint Augustine, 354 430 A.D. ) . Food is one of the basic necessities of human sort but has got a batch of dimensions attached to it. Food is used as an look by assorted communities in this universe. When speaking about nutrient and its facets in context to sociology and anthropology fasting and banqueting are two inseparable words. Banquets in all faiths are backed up with fasts, which are due to grounds, but the pattern remains the same. Fasting has a long history, which is associated with faith. There are over 30 mentions to fasting in the Bible ( Old and New Testament ) . Apart from merely Christianity there are other mentions besides, and is found mentioned in the Quran, the Mahabharata, and the Upanishads. As a spiritual observation fasting has been practiced for centuries, and it doubtless, as a pattern, preceded recorded history. Many records from past say that abstention, which could be either partial or complete, from all or certain nutrients, existed in Assyria, Babylon, China, Greece, India, Palestine, Persia and Rome, and the records from the early civilisations of Mesopotamia and Egypt indicate that fasting of some type was an of import portion of spiritual pattern ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Fast is besides concerned with its use as a agency of retrieving and continuing wellness, but the writer s major concern in this essay is non about curative fasting. So author relates to the application of fasting as a spiritual tract, to cognize about its relevancy in cognizing history of nutrient and civilizations. Fasting is chiefly the act of volitionally abstaining from some or all nutrient, drink, or both, for a period of clip. Refering that from which one fasts, and the period of fasting, a fast may be entire or partial. It may be observed unbroken for many uninterrupted yearss, or be observed merely for certain periods during the twenty-four hours, as is the Muslim pattern during the holy month of Ramadan. Depending on the tradition, fasting patterns may prohibit sexual intercourse every bit good as nutrient, in add-on to abstaining from eating certain types of nutrients ; for illustration, meat may be refrained from ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . The writer in this essay due to restriction of words is traveling to cover merely about one faith, Islam and significance of fasting over it to cognize approximately sociological and anthropological facets of it, which is there since history and the nutrient comes along with it. Content There is both a physical and a religious fast. In the physical fast, the organic structure abstains from nutrient and drink. In the religious fast, the faster abstains from evil purposes, words and workss. One who genuinely fasts abstains from choler, fury, maliciousness, and retribution. One who genuinely fasts abstains from idle and disgusting talk, empty rhetoric, slander, disapprobation, flattery, lying and all mode of vindictive talk. In a word, a existent faster is one who withdraws from all immoralities ( Saint Basil, 329-379 A.D. ) . Muslims start fasting in the holy month of Ramadan which is the 9th month of the Islamic lunar calendar. It is the month in which Allah revealed the Holy Quran as counsel for world. Every twenty-four hours during this month, Muslims around the universe spend the daytime hours in a complete fast. Ramadan begins after the month of ShabA?n or with the visual perception of the new Moon of Ramaa?an. This visual perception is established with the testimony of one trustable informant or as some Ulama say, two. Fasting of the Predecessors O you who believe! Detecting As-Sawm [ the fasting ] is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you ( Quran 2:183 ) . There is no such grounds is to precisely when fasting started but it is clear that fasting is the pattern of all the Prophets of Allah and their followings: The Prophet ( i? ) told Muslims that DA?wA «d ( i? µ ) used to fast for half of the twelvemonth. MA «sA? ( i? µ ) observed fast for 40 yearss ( Exodus 24:18 ) . A?sA? ( Jesus ) ( i? µ ) was said to hold fasted for 40 yearss before he was called to prophet goon ( Matthew 4: 2 ) and this is what the Christians termed the Lent . That was the manner of Allah in the instance of those who passed off of old, and you will non happen any alteration in the manner of Allah ( Quran 33:62 ) . Therefore fasting was considered as an extension of the tradition approved by Allah ( i?â„ ¢ ) for all those who submit to him by the Predecessors. Two Aspects There are two facets under which Islam defines the word fasting: Literally: The Arabic word for fasting ( sawm ) is derived from the root sA?ma literally means to keep or to forbear , so fasting is forbearing fromA normal things, such as feeding, imbibing, speaking. If anyone chorus from these thing, he is considered sA?im which means the perceiver of fast. Religiously: Fasting agencies to forbear from things that invalidate the fasting from Morning Prayer clip, with purpose to delight Allah, boulder clay Sunset Prayer clip. Elementss of the Fasting in Islam There are assorted elements which are to be kept in head by a Muslim whilst maintaining fast which are explained by the writer below: Purpose It is obligatory for the fasting individual to corroborate his/her connotation before Morning Prayer ( SalA?t al-Fajr ) clip. The Prophet said: He who does non mean during the dark to fast, so there be no fast for him as cited by An-NasaI ( 2009 ) . However, most of Ulama affirm that one can corroborate 1s purpose one time at the beginning of the month of Ramadan, and this will be sufficient to fast all the yearss of this holy month. The bosom is the topographic point of connotation and to express it verbally is non established from the Prophet or the Companions. Therefore one can do in 1s bosom connotation before traveling to kip. Refraining Food and Drink Sexual activityA Masturbation However, Ramadan is much more than avoiding nutrient, H2O, and abstaining from other physical demands, it is besides: Refraining of the bosom and the head from evil, ideas. Refraining of the lingua from evil words. Refraining of other organic structure parts from evil actions. As consequence, every portion of the organic structure must be restrained. The lingua must be restrained from chitchat, backbiting, dissing and cursing. The eyes must keep themselves from looking at improper things. The manus must non make any out things. The ears must forbear from listening to tick over talk or obscene words. The pess must forbear from traveling to iniquitous topographic points. In such a manner, every portion of the organic structure observes the fast. Therefore, fasting is the entire committedness of the individual s organic structure and psyche to the spirit of the fast. Ramadan is a clip to pattern temperateness. The Prophet said as cited by BukhA?rA « ( 3.127 ) : Whoever does non give up forged address and evil actions, Allah is non in demand of his go forthing his nutrient and imbibe aˆÂ ¦ [ i.e. ] Allah will non accept his fasting . Duration ( of Sawm ) Fasting starts everyday in Ramadan from the slow beginning of morning: Morning Prayer ( SalA?t al-Fajr ) clip till sunset: Sunset Prayer ( SalA?t al-maghrib ) clip. Muslim must keep tight to this continuance, if non his fast will be invalidated. Muslim Fasts As per Ulama the fasts are classified into four classs, defined below: Prescribed fast ( fara? ) Prohibited fast. ( a?arA?m ) Supererogatory fast. ( Sunnah ) Disapproved fast. ( makrA «h ) Prescribed Fast The prescribed fasts are: Fast of the month of Ramadan. Fast of QadA? It is the brand up for the yearss of Ramadan on which the fast was invalidated accidentally. Fast of kaffA?rah It is the expiatory and atonement fasts, among them are fasts for nonvoluntary homicide, fasts for expiation of: A broken curse. A vow. Not holding observed the prescribed fast of Ramadan. Prohibited Fasts 1st of ShawwA?l ( Eid al-Fia? ­r ) . 10th of Zula?ijjah ( Eid al-Aa?a?A? ) . 11th, 12th and 13th of a?’ula?ijjah. On these yearss fasting is purely prohibited. So the fast of qada can non be observed on these yearss. Supererogatory Fasts In Islam fasting is considered recommended on all the yearss of the twelvemonth except those on which it has been prohibited. But there are yearss whose fast has been specifically stressed and they include: 3 yearss of each month, sooner the moonlit yearss ( al-ayyA?m al-bA «a? ) , which are the 13th, 14th and 15th of each lunar month. Day of Arafah ( 9th of Dhul a? ¤ijjah ) . Several yearss of the months of Dhu al-Qidah, Dhu al-a? ¤ijjah, Mua?arram, Rajab. 6 yearss of ShawwA?l. Most of ShabA?n. Mondays and Thursdays. The twenty-four hours of AˆshA «rA? alone or with a twenty-four hours after or before it. Disapproved Fasts It is disapproved to individual out Fridays and Saturdays for fasting. Fasting on the twenty-four hours ( yawm ash-shak ) which is merely before the month of Ramadan or the two yearss merely before Ramadan. Fasting consecutively all yearss of the twelvemonth. The 3 yearss which follow Eid al-Aa?a?A? ( ayyA?m at-tashrA «q ) . Importance of Fasting There are two chief grounds for which a Muslim keeps fast, which are: Principles of Islam As per Allah s Apostle as cited by BukhA?rA « : Islam is based on the undermentioned five rules: To attest that there is no divinity except Allah and that Muhammad is Allah s Messenger. To offer the ( mandatory congregational ) supplications on a regular basis and absolutely. To pay ZakA?h ( i.e. obligatory charity ) . To execute Hajj ( i.e. Pilgrimage to Mecca ) . To ever maintain fast during the month of Ramadan. Fasting is one of the pillars of the Islamic religion. No cogent evidence is required to set up its being obligatory, and whoever denies fasting goes out of the crease of Islam. Obligatory responsibility ( fara? ) The other ground is that, fasting was said on Muslims in the 2nd twelvemonth of the a? ¤ijrah. Significance of Ramadan The Prophet said ( Muslim Book 6: p.2361 ) : When there comes the month of Ramadan, The Gatess of clemencies are opened. The Gatess of Hell are locked. The Satans are chained. All old wickednesss will be forgiven. The Prophet said as cited by Bukhari ( 3.125 ) : aˆÂ ¦ And whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan out of sincere religion, and trusting for a wages from Allah, so all his old wickednesss will be forgiven. Ramadan comprehends the Night of Power which is better than 1000 months: sing the wagess of executing good workss in it. The Holy Quran revealed in Ramadan Koran which is true counsel for world, as believed by the Muslim community should be recited a batch in Ramadan in order to maintain us in the consecutive way. Umrah with particular wages Umrah preformed in Ramadan peers, in wagess executing, pilgrims journey with the prophesier. Smell of musk: The odor coming out from the oral cavity of a fasting individual is better, in the sight of Allah, than the odor of musk. Jannah is decorated In everyday of Ramadan, Allah decorates the Jannah ( Paradise ) and addresses it stating, It is non excessively far that my righteous retainers shall throw away the loads ( of the secular life ) and shall continue towards you ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . Amnesty In the last dark of this month, the fasting individual is granted amnesty. Who Must Fast A ; Who Can non? Harmonizing to the Islam, Allah has made fasting the month of Ramadan compulsory uponA every: Muslim, Adult, Reasonable, Not going, Muslim who has nil such as a?aya? ( Menstruation ) or nifA?s ( Post-Natal Bleeding ) to forestall him/her from making so. But, there are following individuals who are exempt from fasting, by Islam: The insane, Non adolescent Fast is non required of kids until they reach the age of pubescence. The marks of pubescence are: Growth of pubic hair. Happening of wet dreams. Menstrual period ( female ) . Person with the age of 15 and none of these marks have occurred. The aged and inveterate ill for whom fasting is unreasonably striving. Such individuals are required to feed at least one hapless individual every twenty-four hours in Ramadan for which he/she has missed fasting. Pregnant adult females and nursing can prorogue their fasting. The ailment and the travellers can besides prorogue their fasting. Females during the period of menses or after childbirth parturiency. Fasting during these periods is out and can be made up subsequently, a twenty-four hours for a twenty-four hours. Annulment of Fasts as per Islam Harmonizing to Islamic norms there are certain things which invalidate fast and are ever kept in head by Muslims in the month of Ramadan, which are of two sorts: One requires qaa?A? ( merely doing up lost yearss ) . The other requires qaa?A? and kaffA?rah ( atonement ) , at the same clip. Thingss that require do up ( Qada ) merely are: Feeding deliberately This includes non-nourishing nutrient Doctor of Optometry potable points taken by oral cavity. For illustration, while doing wudu, if a bead of H2O faux pass into the pharynx accidentally. Vomiting Intentionally doing one to throw up. The beginning of menses / post-childbirth shed blooding even in the last minute before sundown ( merely in instance of females ) . Seminal emanation Ejaculation while touching, snoging or fondling adult females for grounds other than sexual Congress. The purpose to stop the prescribed fast Intending to interrupt the fast before sunset even if one changes his head, since purpose is one of the pre-requisites of the cogency of fasting. Mistaken premise Eating, imbibing or holding intercourse after morning on the misguided premise that it is non dawn yet. Similarly, prosecuting in these Acts of the Apostless before Maghrib on the misguided premise that it is already sunset. Injection: Injection invalidates the prescribed fast and requires the fast to be made up. Thingss that require doing up the fast ( Qada ) and besides atonement ( Kaffarah ) are: Eating Drinking Sexual intercourse These 3 Acts of the Apostless are apt to kaffarah when they are committed intentionally after one has started a fast. Kaffarh may be given in the undermentioned three ways severally: Fring a slave. Fasting for two months invariably without a interruption. Giving nutrient to sixty individuals. Since bondage has come to an terminal in today s universe, merely the latter two ways can be adopted today. But Islam says that the individual who has strength adequate to fast for two month invariably has been bound to fast. He can non follow the 3rd manner, i.e. giving nutrient to sixty individuals. If he is excessively weak to fast for such a big figure of yearss, he can give kaffarah be giving nutrient to sixty individuals. The above mentioned things do non annul the fast unless the fasting individual meets the undermentioned three conditions: He must be cognizant of the opinion of what he has done. He must retrieve ( i.e. forgetfulness does non annul the fast ) He must make it deliberately. Ramadan Eve Here are a figure of things which are practiced by a Muslim on Ramadan Eve and which can non be neglected for the successful completion of the forfeits a Muslim brand in the month of Ramadan in footings of nutrient, energy, etc. Tarawih Prayer TarA?wA «h Prayer or the Night Prayer ( SalA?t QiyA?m al-Layl ) is performed by the truster in fold during the month of Ramadan. It can besides be performed entirely at place. Suhoor ( pre-dawn repast ) Moslems should do certain that they eat and drink something at suhA «r and should seek to detain it until merely before al-Fajr Prayer time.A The Prophet said as cited by Al-Bukhaari ( Fath, 4/139 ) : Have suhoor, for in suhoor there is blessing ( barakah ) . The Purpose It is obligatory for the fasting individual to corroborate his/her connotation before Morning Prayer clip. The Prophet said: He who does non mean during the dark to fast, so there be no fast for him . It is the right clip that one should do its connotation after suhoor or before traveling to kip. Etiquettes of Interrupting the Fast The Prophetic etiquettes of interrupting the fast are given below: One should rush to interrupt the fast. Equally shortly as the Call of Sunset Prayer is ( Athan Salat al-Maghrib ) said one should get down to interrupt the fast instantly. The Prophet said: My state will stay in goodness every bit long as they break the fast every bit shortly as it is due [ Muslim ] . Stating Bismillah and the fast breakage dua : Demanding Allah anything in demand because the supplication ( dua ) upon interrupting fast is answered. Interrupt the fast by eating 3 rutabs ( damp day of the months ) , or tamr ( dry day of the months ) , or even drinking H2O. The Prophet said: Break your fast with a day of the month or with H2O because it is pure [ Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi ] . Using 1s right manus while feeding. Gluttony is violative and unhealthy after fasting and full tummy will non assist you o pray TA?rA?wA «h. The Prophet said: Enough for a human being to hold luqaymat ( from 3 to 9 mouthfuls ) that prop up his spinal column and, if he must hold more [ in his tummy ] , so one tierce of nutrient, one tierce of H2O, and one tierce of air . Not holding nutrients ( such as garlic, onions, etc. ) that cause bad breath, bubbling and gas, is out of regard for the mosques and those who attend them. Performing Sunset Prayer at mosque, if it is close, or in a group at place. Night of Power As per Quran, the Night of Power is better than a 1000 months. Therein descends the Angels and the Spirit by Allah s permission, on every errand and state Peace ( continuously ) till the rise of Morning! ( Quran 97:1-5 ) . Quran was revealed in Ramadan in Night of Power ( Lailat-ut Qadr ) . Muslims believe that the title in this dark is better than the wagess of workss of 1,000 months ( about 83.3 old ages ) . The dark is in the last 10 yearss of Ramadan and normally in one of the uneven yearss ( i.e. 21, 23, 25, 27 and 29th ) . At this dark a Muslim is expected to: Perform nawafil ( voluntary supplications ) . Make Quran recitation. Say invocations ( duas ) . Attending talks on spiritual subjects. Do itikaf: Moslems are expected to be in privateness ( itikaf ) during the last 10 yearss of Ramadan because no 1 knows exactly which of the uneven yearss is the dark of Power, and the best topographic point to be in privacy is in the mosque. Retreat ( ItikA?f ) Retreat is to prosecute and to give something either good / bad or to prosecute in a retreat in the mosque and remain at that place with the purpose of delighting Allah. It has no clip bound ; either short or long periods of clip are acceptable. ZakA?t al-Fitr ZakA?t al-Fitr is frequently referred to as Sadaqah al-Fitr. The word Fitr means interrupting a fast and it comes from the same root word as Futoor ( Arabic ) which means breakfast. Therefore, Islamically, ZakA?t al-Fitr means fast-breaking or fast-ending contribution which is paid at the terminal of Ramadan. Sadaqah al-Fitr is a responsibility which is obligatory on every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or grownup every bit long as he/she has the agencies to make so. A The cogent evidence that this signifier of charity is mandatory can be found in the Sunnah whereby Ibn `Umar reported that the Prophet made Zakaah al-Fitr compulsory on every slave, freewoman, male, female, immature and old among the Muslims ; one Saa` of dried day of the months or one Saa` of hardly ( Bukhari Arabic/English, vol. 2, p. 339, no. 579 ) . The caput of the family may pay the needed sum for the other members. Abu Saeed al-Khudree said, On behalf of our immature and old, free work forces and slaves ; we used to take out during Allah s Messenger s life-time one Saa` of grain, cheese or raisins ( Muslim English transl. vol. 2, p. 469, no. 2155 ) . The chief intent of Zakaah al-Fitr is to supply those who fasted with the agencies of doing up for their mistakes during the month of fasting. Zakaah al-Fitr besides provides the hapless with a agencies with which they can observe the festival of interrupting the fast ( `Eed al-Fitr ) along with the remainder of the Muslims. This signifier of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last twenty-four hours of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of Salaah al-Eed ( i.e. shortly after dawn on the undermentioned twenty-four hours ) . However, it can be paid prior to the above mentioned period, as many of Companions of the Prophet ( i? ) used to pay Sadaqah al-Fitr a couple yearss before the `Eed. If one misses the clip period without a good ground, he has sinned and can non do it up. The sum of Zakaah is the same for everyone regardless of their different income brackets. The minimal sum is one SA?` ( two kg and 40 gms of good wheat ) of nutrient, grain or dried fruit for each member of the household. Night of Eid It had been the pattern of the Prophet Muhammad that he would non kip in the dark predating the twenty-four hours of Eid al-Fitr, the terminal of Ramadan. This dark has been named in a tradition as the Night of Reward . God bestows his wagess on those who have spent the month of Ramadan staying by the dictates of Islamic jurisprudence, and all their supplications and supplication in this dark are accepted. Therefore, it is desirable to execute voluntary supplications in this night.A As per Prophet: Whoever stands up in worship in the darks predating the two Eids anticipating wagess from his Lord, his bosom will non decease when the other Black Marias will decease. To profit from this chance, one should execute as much worship in this dark as one can, and should pray for all one s demands and desires. Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr, frequently referred to as Eid, is the three twenty-four hours festival that marks the terminal of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. Eid is an Arabic word significance celebration , while Fia? ­r means to breakfast ; and symbolizes the breakage of the fasting period. It is celebrated after the terminal of the Islamic month of Ramadan, on the first twenty-four hours of Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar. Eid ul-Fitr is sometimes besides known as the Smaller Eid as compared to the Eid ul-Adha that lasts four yearss and is called the Greater Eid . Moslems are commanded by the Quran to finish their fast on the last twenty-four hours of Ramadan and so declaim the Takbir all throughout the period of Eid ( Quran 2:185 ) . Muslim greet each other by stating A?d mubA?rak ( Blessed Eid ) or A?d saA «d ( Happy Eid ) . In add-on, many states have their ain salutations based on local linguistic communication and traditions. Typically, Muslims wake up early in the forenoon and have a little breakfast ( as a mark of non being on a fast on that twenty-four hours ) of sooner the day of the month fruit, before go toing a particular Eid supplication ( salat ) that is performed in fold at mosques or unfastened countries like Fieldss, squares, etc. By and large all Muslims frock in their best apparels ( new if possible ) at this twenty-four hours. The Eid supplication is followed by the khutbah ( discourse ) and so a invocation ( dua ) inquiring for forgiveness, clemency and aid for all living existences across the universe. The khutbah besides instructs Muslims as to the public presentation of rites of Eid, such as the zakat. It is so customary to encompass the individuals sitting on either side of one, whilst recognizing them. After the supplications, people besides visit their relations, friends and familiarities and some people besides pay visits to the cemeteries ( ziyarat al-qubur ) .

MIH514 - Cross-Cultural Perspectives Module 2 - SLP Essay - 1

MIH514 - Cross-Cultural Perspectives Module 2 - SLP - Essay Example Culture insists that the eldest male in the family is the valued head of the household and as such must be obeyed (Carahar, 2000); he has important roles and responsibilities of provision for the family in terms of accommodation, protection, decision making, education, love and sustenance. A woman’s role as mother is to manage all matters pertaining to the house, take head place when father is not at home and take responsibility for the care of children; if she works outside the home many of her duties are divided among other family members; in fact the more hours she spends in employment the less she is required to work in the house and the more assistance she gets, mostly in terms of child care and cooking (Norzareen & Nobaya, 2010). The family roles in terms of gender however, are changing with the growing need for women to join the workforce; many Malaysian parents now share responsibilities as breadwinners and keepers of the house. Each supports the other manually, emotionally and socially in order to maintain a secure family unit in today’s Malaysian society (Norzareen & Nobaya, 2010). The workforce in Malaysia is young, well educated and easily trained within the workplace; in fact around 70% are below the age of 35; its increasing economy has created a need for skilled labor that is at most times in short supply and expected to increase because of the transfer to more modern technology and high end products. The unskilled labor shortage is being filled with the importation of migrant workers from neighboring countries (Country Commerce, 2006); in fact the majority come from Indonesia with other large cohorts entering from Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Pakistan, Vietnam, India , Nepal and Bangladesh (Robertson, 2008). The government has strong control over the private sector and has played a key

Advanced Fire Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced Fire Administration - Essay Example The chief of police recognized and respected me over the years due to the services I led my unit to offer. It started with frontline supervision and rose to command with many daring rescues. The team leadership I provided with the support and trust of my unit led to effective decisions in a hard and demanding environment. I started as an active firefighter in 1983 where I held the ranks of lieutenant and captain by the year 1989. In 1989, my administrative duties began after my election as the departmental third assistant chief by my colleagues. By the year 1989 to 1991 I had risen to the first assistant chief of the department, it was, therefore, a pleasant surprise when in 1992, my colleagues saw me as best suited for the position of fire chief. I held this position for four years before serving as the vice president and fire ground safety officer to the fire company between 1996 and 2009 (Randy 56). In 2010, I became president to the fire company, this company which is the C.E.O for the fire organization. Its responsibilities were to offer detailed plans, procedures, and standards for implementation at a volunteer fire department serving a unique population comprised of large and small businesses, single-family homes, high buildings, and municipal facilities. My duties as president were to offer expert technical knowledge, to train and safely lead approximately 50 volunteer firefighters and engage in controlling and extinguishing fires to protect property. I also aided in rescuing people endangered by fire, reducing and trying to eliminate potential fire hazards, controlling hazardous materials incidents, coordinating emergency medical services, training volunteers in fire protection and prevention, operating and maintaining fire communications equipment, and advising on improvements to structures for better fire prevention.

Sociological Views on Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociological Views on Poverty - Essay Example It would then be followed by a critical examination of the arguments taken by authors and commentators and would end in a conclusion that shall emphasize the role of the global interrelation and effort to resolve the problems of poverty. Poverty as stated by Ruby Payne in her book, Framework for Understanding Poverty, is the condition in which the person does not have enough resources. She further clarifies that there are different types of resources with which poverty could be identified with. First and the most popular concerns financial resources which refers to monetary value that shall enable the individual to purchase services and goods. The others include emotional, mental, spiritual, physical, support systems such as friends and family networks, role models and knowledge of habits. However, financial resources have been the most popular since it was the most obvious, regardless of this; the other resources are also important and relevant if one would like to counteract poverty as a whole. (2005, pages4-8) Since usually poverty is seen as a lack of financial resources, it has been customary for people to respond to poverty through financial support. This is primarily done through donations and grants. It is also in line with this view that people thinks that people are poor because they do not work hard enough in able to sustain their basic needs. People who looked like rubbish or are not presentable are often seen as poor. (Payne, 2005, page 4-9) Another author, Farley, believes that poverty is something that is rooted on sociological relationship such as the economic production, the political system, the institution that is present in the society, the predominant culture prevalent in the society. Thus, poverty in this view is not a problem in the individual level but in a societal level which could only be remedied through sociological programs and changes. To further clarify his view, he provided an introduction to two relevant perspectives that shall explain his belief. (2000, 173) The Functionalist perspective is a view, wherein the whole society is likened to a living organism wherein each cells are relevant and relatively connected to one and another. As the name of the theory implies, it insist that each part of the society is present due to a certain function that it must perform. (Kitano, 1985:40). In line with this perspective, poverty is viewed as a necessary part of society. Poverty has a function in the society in which it could be found. Looking closer, poor people resembles certain characters that set them aside from the rest of the society. The differences in values and in culture have made the poor different from other members of the society. Now this attitude would be inherited by their children thus explain the expansion of poverty. Most commonly the poor people think as if they could not change their life and life style since they were born that way. (Eitzen and Baca-Zinn, 1994 page 173-175) However, this kind of approach to poverty is too limited and very illogical. Poverty might indeed be natural but this does not mean that it should be left in its own. Time before

The Good and Bad Times of Clinton Office Essay Example for Free

The Good and Bad Times of Clinton Office Essay Every presidency left people with significant events, both good and bad. This holds true to the American setting where each administration is sure to impart both legacy or prominence and most notably, controversy. In fact, it is ironic that people are keener in discussing the intrigues and flaws committed by a former President rather than acknowledge his concrete accomplishments and contributions to the country. Despite however this glaring life reality and human nature, it is still essential that a previous American leader be recognize for his efforts in unifying American people under a common stand which is for the nation to be stable, progressive and remains to be one of the most powerful and influential countries in the world. Such condition is what happened to the regime of the 42nd commander-in-chief of the United States, President William Jefferson â€Å"Bill† Clinton. Foremost his achievements and deeds, which are all supposedly aimed at empowering and uplifting the plight of American people; Clinton is best remembered through his controversial decisions and activities. In fact, beyond the apparent economic growth that his office attained, people are unfortunately reminded of Clinton’s dishonorable ethical blunder which was highlighted by the reported Monica Lewinsky sexual scandal. In an effort, therefore, to best understand and realize both the good and bad times of the Clinton office, it is empirically fair to present the nice and unpleasant things and events that happened during this presidential term. This is because in doing so, people will have the opportunity to realize the benefits of Clinton’s triumphs and most importantly, learn from his leadership mistakes. In his memoir â€Å"My Life,† Clinton made a poignant effort for the American people to understand him beyond his presidency. Regardless however of his charismatic and celebrated personality, Clinton struggled to rectify his dwindled and scandal-ridden administration. It became an inevitably difficult task for Clinton to fulfill his promises, while still campaigning for presidency, as well as adhere to his platform during his two-term office. This is primarily due to the reality that his feats were marred by his own faults. It is first worthy to take into consideration that Clinton’s political era has manifested goodness even before he became the initial Democratic president after Franklin D. Roosevelt to prevail over a two-term White House office. When his time came to lead the nation, Clinton made Americans benefit from further peace and order as well as economic advantages (â€Å"Bill Clinton† 1). Additionally, the good times of the Clinton office are further illustrated with the country reflecting the ever lowest unemployment rate, a feat which previous presidents have not achieved. The economic benefits made by the Clinton office were also depicted by the lowest inflation in a span of three decades, the soaring housing ownership in the entire history of U. S. , significant fall of crime rates in a number of states, and lessened welfare turn-over. These fiscal triumphs were more highlighted with the Clinton office’s proposal of the first fair national budget which eventually ended in a budget surplus (â€Å"Bill Clinton† 1). Clinton time in office was likewise marked by an end of the period of the so-called big government. This is when significant measures were made that improved the educational system, protected and assured people with jobs, curbed firearms trade and reinforced environmental policies. The economic prosperity of Clinton office was corroborated by Kelly who stated that it is in his time that the stock market climbed radically. Aside from this, Kelly added that it is in Clinton’s regime that the Family and Medical Leave Act and North American Free Trade Agreement were passed and ratified, respectively. Lastly it was during Clinton office that international hostilities were put to an end including the reign of Saddam Hussein (Kelly 1). While the bad time of Clinton office significantly resulted from the failure of his proposal to undertake a system for national health care, it was in the second term that his presidency started to fall off. In fact, it is the period when Clinton earned more fame due to controversies that included the Gennifer Flowers, Whitewater Travelgate, the FBI file controversy as well as the emergence of Paula Jones and eventually the Lewinsky alleged intimate affair. Relatively, Gertz alarmingly noted that beyond Clinton’s dreadful confession, over a national television, that he â€Å"misled† the American people concerning the Lewinsky scandal, he is more accountable for further upsetting cover-up. According to Gertz, the Clinton office was definitely blemished by a bad leadership decision that concerned guidelines which, in turn, affected and eventually harmed the nation’s security (Gertz 3). Gertz further revealed how Clinton betrayed the American people through his office’s determined failure and disobedience to â€Å"provide for the common defense† which the American constitution requires. The author added that Clinton’s reckless guidelines, as regard key military and intelligence measures, affected the country’s protection. Clinton’s apparent inconsiderate cover-up of this apparent wrongdoing betrayed and left the country with weaker and susceptible military. This is unfortunate especially during a period that its rival countries have strengthened and a more unsafe world exists (Gertz 3). Judging from the cited good and bad times of Clinton office, the historical importance of his regime became evident. In a time of a mounting divided politics and instability, Clinton succeeded in moving his plan to a core which led to mainstream America. Despite however of the bad times and even the aborted impeachment, Clinton is still and ultimately considered to be a very popular president. Works Cited â€Å"Bill Clinton. † The White House. n. d. 17 March 2009 http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/williamjClinton/. Gertz, Bill. Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001. Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Bill Clinton – Forty-second President of the United States. † n. d. About. com: American History. 17 March 2009 http://americanhistory. about. com/od/williamjclinton/p/pclinton. htm.

Characteristics of System Modules

Characteristics of System Modules Identify and report the names , purpose and characteristics of system modules such as mother board, power supply, CPU, Memory modules, storage devices, display devices, adaptor cards, ports and cases in the given machine.(10 marks) Name: Mother Board (P4-GA-EP45T-UD3LR {775/DDR3} w/Sound+LAN) Purpose: The purpose of mother board is to guide the computer do computations. It has buses, or electrical pathways to allow data to travel between the various components that include in a computer and it have two-chip layout that can perform with lower power consumption. Characteristics: It is the basic system of the electronic circuit of computer and all the components for the computer system are glued on it with its various slots and connectors. Moreover, CPU, panel connector slots, memory cards, the adapter cards, DDR slots, AGP, AMR and PCI slots, north and south bridges are glued on it. The back panel ports stick through the back of the case. fig 1.1 Motherboard Name : Power Supply ( ATX power supply with 550W ) Purpose: The purpose of power supply is to deliver electrical power for every connector in the system board and its expansion converter of AC current voltage to DC current voltage. Characteristics: power supply is the converter of AC current voltage to DC current voltage and it has 24 pin or 20 pin and 4 pin. Power supply of 24 pin and 20 pin is to provide motherboard and 4 pin auxiliary is for CPU fan. Name: CPU (Intel Core 2 Duo 2.93GHz {3 MB / 1066 / 775 LGA Socket}) Purpose: The CPU, the brain of the computer, is to receive data from user and it reads, interprets informations and executes commands. Characteristics: In a PC, the CPU uses its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) to carry out mathematical operation and it can change location data in memory to another address fig1.2_CPU Name : Memory Modules( DDR2 RAM 2GB 240pin 800 MHz Kingston ) Purpose: It enables computers to work faster because all the information processed by the CPU is written or read from memory, Characteristics: Memory module is a board used to refer to a series of dynamic random access memory integrated circuits modules mounted on a printed circuit board and designed use in personal computers, workstations and servers. Name : Storage Devices (such as Floppy, Hard disk, Tape, CD, DVD drives) Purpose: It can save data permanently from temporary data storage by optical and magnetic methods. Characteristics: Major magnetic devices (floppy disks, hard disks, and tape) are rigid disks that are permanently sealed in a non-removable, vacuum- tight portion of the drive unit. With the optical media (CDs, DVDs), data is stored digitally on a light-sensitive material by a powerful, highly focused a laser beam. Name : Monitor (19 LCD Color Monitor(View Sonic wide view 1932 wm with DVI+LED) Purpose: Monitor is the device to display the videos and graphics information generated by the computer through the video card Characteristic: Monitors are similar to televisions but display information at much higher quality. There are two kinds of monitor. They are CRT (Cathode ray tube) and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).LCD monitors are much thinner, and less power consumptions than CRT monitors Name : Adaptor Cards Purpose: is to enable our computer to communicate with another peripherals such as monitor Characteristics: Motherboard Graphic Adaptors are low cost flat panel display interface card to use on board. Name : Ports Purpose: It is used to connect with electrical devices that need for personal computer system. Characteristics: It is the place where the devices needed to insert in motherboard for a computer. And there are many ports on following. Ports Name Pins Inserted Particles PS 2 6 pins Key Board, Mouse Serial 9 pins modem, mouse, joystick Parallel 25 pins printer VGA 15 pins monitor USB 4 pins mp3, memory sticks, etc. RJ 45 8 pins use to connect with network Name : Cases Purpose: It is the box or tower which can enclose the main components of a computer such as motherboard, power supply, drives and many peripherals. Fig 1.3- System unit and Casing Characteristics: Cases are usually constructed from steel, aluminium or plastic is sometimes used. And it is the largest component in computer system. Tower cases come in mini, mid and big towers and intended to stand on the floor. There are the capacities for CD-ROMs, floppy disk, hard disk drives. I/O ports can insert in back panel shield. Moreover, Cases are more than 14 inches tall. Task 1 b) Identify the names, purposes and performance characteristics of the standardized peripheral ports in the machine such as Serial, USB, Firewire, DB, RJ, Din, Mini-DIN, Centronics, Associated cabling and their connectors.(10 marks) Fig1.b Name: Serial Port(9 pin) Purpose: It is to provide a standard connector and protocol to let our attach devices, such as modems, to our computers Performance characteristics: It is the basic external connections to a computer and Integral part of most computers. The serial port completely in support of USB connections, most modems still use the serial port, and in some printers, PDA and digital cameras. Name: Parallel Port Purpose: It is to connect the PC with printer, external CD drives, Zip drive, external hard disk drive, or tape backup device. Performance characteristics: The parallel port can sends data simultaneously over 8 data lines at speeds of12,000 Kbps. Name: USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port Purpose: It can allow data to transfer between electrical devices and supply electrical power to that devices from cable without own power source. Performance characteristics: USB port is depended on by some devices to get power or charge their battery. Moreover, USB for connecting on personal computers and equipments such as network adapters, broadband and cellular modems for Internet access and USB printers to be shared on a home network. Name: Firewire Purpose: FireWire is to connect data storage devices to anything from TVs or even professional Video recording apparatus because of its high data transfer rate, its perfect for transporting video and digital playback device to a digital recording device. Performance: FireWire can provide more power than USB 2.0 and can deliver data faster. And most satellite TV and digital receivers for cable have a Firewire output and this port can recorded programming to a PC in its original MPEG2 format. Fig: 1b.1for FireWire on popular digital cable terminal used today. Name: DB Purpose: Data Bus is connections between and within the CPU, Memory, and many peripherals that used to carry data. Performance: There are 2 types of data bus, they are data bus and address bus. The data bus is the media that transfer data and address bus transfer information about where the data should go and let to be transferred data faster. Name: RJ (Registered Jack) Purpose: It is the port for twisted pair cable called LAN (local area networks), especially Ethernet or RJ-45 that can link with MODEM or Ethernet Switch. And Modem RJ-11 connectors are also to connect some types of LANs with modems. Fig 1b.2 RJ-45, RJ-11 and Ethernet switch Performance Characteristics: RJ-45 looks similar to RJ-11 that used for telephone equipment, but RJ-45 are a bit wider than RJ-11. Moreover, RJ-11 is connector that has a four or six wire connectors that used to connect telephone equipment. Name: Din Purpose: It is used in AT style of computer. DIN connectors held in place by the friction of the connector body and by pins. And it is used in PC keyboards, MIDI instruments, and etc. Performance characteristics: DIN connectors are round, with pins arranged in a circular pattern. Name: Mini-Din Fig. 1b.3 Purpose: It is the another type of DIN connector Performance: MINI-Din connectors are 9.5 mm in diameters and come in seven patterns that in the form of number of pins from 3 to 9. Name: Centronics (printer port) Purpose: Centronics port shows the bi-directional version of the port, which allows the transmission and reception of data bits at the same time. Performance Characteristics: It has 36 pin connector to connect the PC with printer. That can flow data with maximum 4 megabytes per second for faster printing and back channel status and management. And new standard of Centronics port can connect scanners, tape drives, Hard disks, computer networks adapters and other devices. Task 2 List the 3 most popular types of mother boards, their components and their architecture (6 marks) Types of motherboards XT (Extended Technology) AT (Advanced Technology) ATX (Advanced Technology Extension) The components include in motherboard are The CPU, the busses, Chipsets (controllers), sockets, connectors, etc Architecture of motherboard The motherboard is a board covered with electronics and it is just a big plastic sheet which is full of electrical conductors. And the conductors (tracks) run across and down, and in several layers in order to connect all the individual components, and transfer data between them. The cabinet and the motherboard are made to satisfy each other, so there are holes in the metal for the connectors mounted on the board. Finally, the motherboard has to be linked to the PCs power supply installed in the cabinet. b) Identify the purpose of CMOS memory in your PC and list out what it contains. Describe how and when it is necessary to change the CMOS parameters (6 marks) The purpose of CMOS in PC CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) is situated in BIOS chip It requires very little power and it can be powered by a small battery thats integrated into the motherboard hold data It will be automatically recharges while the computer is on. CMOS MEMORY contains Standard CMOS Setup Program BIOS Features Setup Program Power Management Program PNP/ PCI Configuration Program Load BIOS Defaults Program Load Setup Defaults Program Looking about Integrated Peripherals Supervisor Password User Password IDE Hard Disk Drive Auto Detection Hard Disk Drive Low Level Format Save and Exit Setup Program Exit Without Saving Program CMOS Parameters can be changed in CMOS Setup Program and this program can be entered by pressing the DEL or F2 key continuously during the Window Program is started to run. In Most Motherboards that have jumper which allows the user to return to the default CMOS setting configured by the manufacturer in CMOS restore to factory defaults. This is useful because when you cannot enter the CMOS Setup Program because of the incorrect CMOS setting or Lost CMOS Setup password. So, that make sure the power is completely off when you shorten the jumper. c) You are required to use two different types of Printers and list the following information derived from each printer: i) What are the printer technologies, interfaces and options for upgrades available for your printers (4 marks) ii) What are the 2 common printer problems which you can expect from our printers, list our remedies for the problems using appropriate references? (4 marks) Two different types of Printers are Serial Printer Page Printer In Serial Printers, Two Groups can be categorized as follow: Impact Printers (Using Ribbon) -Dot Matrix Printers b) Non- Impact Printers (Using Toner Cartridge) -Thermal Printers -Ink Jet Printers In Page Printers, Non Impact Printers Laser Printers (Mono chrome, Color laser) Interfaces Of Printer: It is a collection of hardware and software that allows the printer to communicate with a computer. It can make some printer more flexible in multiplatform environment. If the printer has several interfaces, it can usually exchange between them on the fly so that several computers can print at the same time. Reference from: A+ Fast Pass written by David Groth Options for Upgrade: Resolution Of Printer can be measured as DPI (dots per inches) Printer Buffer Two Common Printer Problems Paper Jam Cause of Toner drum on laser printers Remedies for Printer Problems If the is jammed, the first work is to pull out any remnants. Even the smallest piece of paper could cause the problem so check your printer carefully. If the problem is related with toner cartridge, check to see your printer toner cartridge that is empty or low. So, the solution is to refill the toner to your laser printer and this problem is depending on time and you must check once a year for your printer. Moreover, the major problem is the ink will dry out in the small nozzles and block if they are not use at least once a week. Task 3 For this task and subsequent task you need to set up a small Windows XP network using at least 3 computers. Produce a report with appropriate screen capture evidencing your practical work and covering the following information: Identify the types of network cables, their characteristics and the connectors which you will use for the network.(5 marks) Types of Network Cables Characteristics Connectors that use for the network Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable It consists of several pairs of wires twisted in the insulated jacket and found in 10/100 Base T Ethernet networks. Topology: Star RJ 45 Coaxial Cable (RG) Suitable for most LANs communications that consists of copper wire sealed by insulation and metal foil shield Topology: Bus RJ 58 (use for 10base2 (Thinnet) Ethernet),RJ 8(use for 10base5 (Thicknet) Ethernet), Fiber Optic Cable A thin, flexible glass fiber covered by rubber coating and provides transmission speed from 100 Mbps up to 1 Gbps and a maximum distance of several Miles. Topology: Star ST/SC ST a barrel-shaped connector SC- square type connector Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable 10 Mbps to 2 Gbps for Ethernet, 16 Mbps for Token Ring Topology: Star or Ring RJ 45 for Ethernet, IDC/UDC for Token Ring (IDC-IBM data connector, UDC-Universal Data Connector) Research and list five different technologies available for Internet connectivity for your network and list their strengths and weaknesses. (10 marks) 5 different technologies for Internet Connectivity DIAL-UP Dial up internet uses a modem and dial-up networking (DUN) in Window to establish a connection between a PC and an Internet Service Provider (ISP). It uses standard telephone lines and ties up the phone while it is operating. Dial-up speed is limited to between 52 Kbps and 56 Kbps. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) it is a special type of phone line that is able to carry data faster than a regular dial-up. It also has a separate voice channel, so you can place voice calls while connected to the Internet. It requires special phone lines from the phone company. ISDN is a dial up connection and uses dial up networking. However, it establishes the connection much more quickly than a standard dial-up, usually within 5 seconds. ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line) It enables Internet using existing copper wired telephone networks. It uses the main concept of DSL technology and it works by splitting the existing telephone line signal into two: one for voice and the other for data. ADSL is asymmetric as it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive information from the user. http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0113650/DSLBASICS.html FIBER CONNECTION It can transfer data via light waves. And data transmission is incredibly fast. They are made from glass or plastic fibers in the core of the cable surrounded by a cladding layer (designed to reflect light back towards the core) and a buffer coating, BROADBAND internet access Broadband has a high rate data transmission and minimum speed that users can get is 256 Kbps. Broadband uses lower-bitrate transmission methods. Broadband technologies supply double rate than Dial-up modems and generally without disrupting telephone use. Strengths and Weaknesses for Internet Connectivity Kinds that use for Internet Connectivity Strength for using this technology Weakness for using this technology Dial-up . Cheapest type of Internet connection . Low price . Lower speed than any other . Discomfort of typing up phone line ISDN . Call setup is very quick . Low retrieval time . Can carry data and voice at the same time and voice clearness is incomparable . ISDN routers and modems are more expensive than any others . Data connections are not available in all locations ADSL . High speed connection . Use of phone line while connected . Faster download than upload . Line testing takes a long time . Home user is contented at 50:1 by sharing your 512 Kbps with 49 other people, giving you 10 bps. Fiber connection . It can transmit data over long distance without much data loss .. . Can cost more price than broadband connection cost . not susceptible radio frequency Broadband . Maximum transmission speed is 4 Mbps . Transmission capacity is faster than Primary ISDN . Bandwidth is not always reliable for customer . Not sufficient enough to provide good video quality. c) List the 5 networking capabilities of Window XP (5 marks) 5 networking capabilities of Windows XP Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) When your computer is connected to the Internet or other route for the network, there is a threat of not permission attack to approach your computer data. If the computer is connecting the external network, a Firewall can protect your home network versus the danger of unsafety network jammed to pass. Network Setup Wizard Window XP introduces us with a Network Setup Wizard for easy using of Setting up your network and it use to configure the Internet connection on your network, and supply the Internet Connection Firewall. Moreover, it can be run on the Window 98, Window ME and Window XP computers on your network using the CD or a floppy disk. Network Diagnostics Features Network Diagnostics features help diagnosing network problems increase people who is setting up small networks. The features of The Network Diagnostics Web Page and NetSh helper, Network Connections Support Tab, Network Connection Repair Link, Task Manager Networking Tab and Updated Command Line Network Diagnostics Tool, enable troubleshooting of various problems by the users. Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) Window XP creates connections using Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). By using this Broadband modem, LAN users can have high-speed data networks. And PPPoE provides separate connections for each user to a remote server. In addition, it also enables your internet connections join smoothly with Internet Explorer and other Window Applications. Wireless LAN Enhancements Window XP deploys some features and enhancements about Wireless LAN networks and these enhancements are summarized as follow. Enhanced Ethernet and Wireless Security (IEEE 802.1X Support) Wireless Zero Configuration Fig.3 c.1 showing about internet connections Task 4 Task 4 For this task you need to do a fresh install of Windows XP (or later operating system permitted by your tutor) on a computer. Prepare a report evidencing your practical work covering the following questions: List out the names, locations, purpose and contents of any 10 Windows XP (or later versions permitted) systems files.(10 marks) By this question, I need to install a Window XP (Service pack 2); I insert a Window XP installer disc into my CD drive. When the CD is read, the monitor screen shows the following messages. Fig 4a.1 By this message, I pressed any key such as Space, Enter, Backspace, etc Fig 4a.28 So Finally, The Window XP installation was finished and the wallpaper and Recycle Bin icon is display on the screen. Simple Reference: From Practical Room List out the names, locations, purpose and contents of any 10 Window XP (or later versions permitted ) system files (10 marks) Names of 10 Window XP system files Location: All system files are located in C: Window XP file Purposes of system files NTLDR : It usually run on primary hard disk drive and the purpose is to loading the boot process for Window NT operating system including Window XP, Window Server 2003. NTDETECT.COM : is used on computer that has BIOS firmware. In Windows Vista and later Operating Systems, NTDETECT.COM is now only to supports ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface). IO.SYS is an essential part of MS-DOS and Window 9x because it contains MS device drivers and DOS initializing Program. And it can initialize the device drivers into memo MSDOS.SYS It is a hidden system file created on the root of the boot drive. It can changed the PC environment by replacing the file contents [Paths] WinDir=C:WINDOWS WinBootDir=C:WINDOWS HostWinBootDrv=C [Options] BootGUI=1 Network=1 BootMulti=1 CONFIG.SYS can set up the memory managers in the system. It can load files, mostly TSRs and devices drivers, in turn(console, disk, serial port, etc BOOT.INI: is to protected from user configuration by having the file attributes such as system, hidden, read-only. To manually edit it AUTOEXEC.BAT contains DOS commands that executed automatically when a PC boots . This locates in the root directory of the hard drive of the computer and is used to set defaults to run programs that should be executed during setup. Contents: PROMPT $P$G COMMAND.COM is the default operating system shell file for DOS operating system and the default command line interpreter on DOS-based 16/32-bit Window versions of 9x and Me. NTUSER.DAT : it is to set the default language to instead of English and can edit file to correspond to the new language BOOT.INI it is a text file available on the computer. And it is fetched by NTLDR and displayed as OS options. Contents: [boot loader] timeout=10 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)WINDOWS=Microsoft Windows XP /fastdetect C: = Microsoft Windows b) Use the following tools in Windows such as Microsoft Management Console (MMC), Event Viewer and Task Manager on the system. List out the practical uses of these tools. (10 marks) Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Fig 4b.1 First, if you want to enter the Microsoft Management Console, youll enter RUN (win key + R key) program and type MMC. And then MMC program is opened. Fig 4b.2 In Fig 4b.2, there is no program in console root and if you want to add or remove snap-in, go to the File Text Menu Bar (Ctrl+m). You can add the programs that you want to do in the same time and you can click Remove button to remove the program that you dont want to do. Fig 4b.3 Fig 4b.4 shows that you can choose the programs that you want to do and Click Add if not you can click Close Button to exit from the program. Fig 4b.4 The above example shows that the user chose the Device Manager Program to add to the Console Root. And he clicks Add. Fig 4b.5 And the message box shows on the screen to choose the kind of computer (local or another) and the user chose local computer. Click Finish to save the program in add or remove snap-in. Fig 4.6 This above Add/Remove Snap-in box shows that the program that you already add and if you want to add second program, you will click Add button for next time. Fig 4b.7 Fig 4b.7 shows that the user seems to add Disk Defragmenter, Disk Management (Local), Event Viewer (Local), Device Manager on local computer. And the picture is clicked Disk Defragmenter program. Fig 4b.8 The picture shows the Console1.msc file is saved in desktop. Fig 4b.9 Also the Console1.msc file is saved on the desktop on the screen. So, you can also see the Console1.msc file on desktop. And so, u can be use Disk Defragmenter, Disk Management (Local), Event Viewer (Local), Device Manager on local computer by clicking the Console1.msc file. Event Viewer Fig 4b.10 If you want to use event viewer software program, press Window key+R and type eventvwr and click OK. Fig 4b.11 In event viewer software program, you can see the application, Security and System software icons. Fig 4b.12 When you click Application list, you can see what happen in your Computer Operation System such as Informations, Warnings, and Errors when the computer is running. Fig 4b.13 And system list shows how many events occur date by date such as Errors and Information. Fig 4b.14 is as same as Fig 4b.13 In above picture is about System Properties and it can be opened by clicking right click on system icon. Fig 4b.15 In the box of System Properties, the user can adjust the Maximum log size, overwrite events date and clear log manually. Fig 4b.16 Fig 4b.16 shows that the user can change the Event types if the only he wanted by clicking right click and go to view and then click filter. And click OK to show them or click Cancel to get back to the Menu. Task Manager If you want to enter the Task Manager Program, press Window Key and Run key to enter Run Program and type as taskmgr. Fig 4b.17 The above message box is showing that which applications are running on the OS and has Applications, Processes, Performance, Networking and Users icons. Fig 4b.16 The above picture shows that if you want to close Windows Messenger, select it and click right click and choose End Task. Fig 4b.17 And this above picture is about if you want to open the program (eg. Window Media Player), click New Task to create New Task. Fig 4b.18 Moreover, the user can look which program takes how much memory usage in Process Option. And if you want to close Window Media Player click end process to close. Fig 4b.20 And in Performance option, the user can see the CPU and PF usages and histories. Moreover, In Networking option, the use would see the Connection between Local Area Network. Fig 4b.21 In user list, the user can see that how many user accounts in there. And he can disconnect or log off the Administrator (user) account. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. c) Install two new devices after you have installed the Operation system and list out the procedures which you used for adding and configuring the devices drivers. (10 marks) I installed the Printer after you have installed the Operation system. Installation of Printer First, connect the data cable with Printer port. Fig 4c.1 And, go to the control panel and click the Printer and Faxes. Then, click Add a printer dialog-box. So, the screen shows the display box Welcome to the Add Printer. And then click Next to continue. 19th August, Thursday at 9:48 AM. Fig 4c. 2 And the message box shows that you need to choose local or network printer. If you want to share a printer, chose network printer. But you must have a printers driver in computer. So choose local printer for the users computer only. 19th August, Thursday at 9:49 AM. Fig 4c.3 Select printers port such as LPT (Recommended Printer Port/Parallel Port), COM (Serial port), USB port, so chose USB port. Fig 4c.4 I think you need to choose the manufacture and models of your printer. If you dont have printers model, click Have Disk button and choose and assign as HP and add as HP Deskjet 2200 series. Fig 4c.5 Choose either share the printer or dont share the printer. So choose dont share the printer. Fig 4c.6 So, finished the installation of printer. 19th August, Thursday at 9:55 AM. Fig 4c.7 At the end of the installation of Printer, your installed Printer is in use. Moreover, if you want to share this printer, click right-click to the sharing of printer. Fig 4c.8 And in the Sharing Tab, you need to choose Share this printer. 19th August, Thursday at 9:59 AM. Fig 4c.9 At the end, the installation is finished and the printer is ready to use now. 19th August, Thursday at 10:00 AM. Installation of Scanner Fig 4c.9 First, I mounted the scanner to USB port then the message box shows Found New Hardware and I clicked the right click to My computer icon and then choose Properties to see the property of scanner. 17th August, Tuesday at 12:37 AM. Fig 4c.10 In Hardware tab, I click the Device Manager to see for the scanner installation. 17th August, Tuesday at 12:38 AM. Fig 4c.11 In Device Manager Option, the new scanner program is showing Question Mark as unknown device or other device. 17th August, Tuesday at 12:38 AM. Fig 4c.12 For the first step, I go to the My computer program and then click the Canoscanner icon to open. In second step, I chose the Setup to Install the scanner. 17th August, Tuesday at 12:41 AM. Fig 4c.13 And the CanoScan Message Box is shown to install the scanner and then some software installation notes is shown as to know. 17th August, Tuesday at 12:42 AM. Fig 4c.14 And the message box shows that the check marks will be installed and remove the check mark if some program is not unwanted by clicking next time to unwanted program. And click Install to install the marked program and click Back to go back to the main menu. 1