Child Pornography On Internet Essay Example For Students

Kid Pornography On Internet Essay In this new time of Information, the Internet has made a wide range of informationreadily accessible. A portion of this data can be exceptionally valuable, some can bemalicious. Kid sex entertainment, otherwise called Pedophilia is one of theseproblems. Any one individual can discover youngster sex entertainment on the web with just afew snaps of the mouse utilizing any web index. In spite of website admins and lawenforcement authorities endeavors to control youngster sex entertainment and shut downillegal destinations, new locales are presented utilizing a few different ways on cover their character. The Internet gives another world to inquisitive youngsters. It offers entertainment,opportunities for training, data and correspondence. The Internet is atool that opens a window of chances. As Internet use develops, so do therisks of kids being presented to wrong material, in particular,criminal action by pedophiles and kid pornographers. Numerous kids firstcome in contact with the Internet at a youthful age. A few kids becomevictims of youngster sex entertainment through close family members who may have manhandled them. A few kids become engaged with visit administrations or newsgroup strings. It isusually through these locales that they meet youngster pornographers. Kids may beasked to send express pictures of themselves taken either by an advanced cameraor filtered from a polaroid. The pornographer will at that point post the photos ontheir site, some of the time concealing them through encryption, steganography orpassword securing them utilizing a javascript or applet. Certain endeavors have beenmade to control youngster erotic entertainment through enactment. In 1977 the SexualExploitation of Children Act was placed into Legislation. (U.S. Code : Title 18,Section 2251-2253) The law restricts the utilization of a minor really taking shape ofpornography, the vehicle of a kid across state lines, the taking of apornographic image of a minor, and the creation and course of materialsadvertising youngster sex entertainment. It likewise forbids the exchange, deal, purchase,and receipt of minors when the motivation behind such exchange, deal, buy, orreceipt is to utilize the kid or youth in the creation of youngster sex entertainment. Thetransportation, importation, shipment, and receipt of kid erotic entertainment by anyinterstate implies, including via mail or PC, is likewise precluded. The ChildProtection Act of 1984 (U.S. Code : Title 18, Section 2251-2255) characterizes anyoneyounger than the age of 18 as a youngster. Along these lines, an explicitly unequivocal photographof anybody 17 years old or more youthful is youngster sex entertainment. On November 7, 1986,the U.S. Congress instituted the Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act (U.S. Code: Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that prohibited the creation and use ofadvertisements for kid erotic entertainment and incorporated an arrangement for common remediesof individual wounds endured by a minor who is a casualty. It likewise raised theminimum sentences for recurrent wrongdoers from detainment of at the very least twoyears to d etainment of at least five years. On November 18, 1988, theU.S. Congress sanctioned the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act (U.S. Code : Title 18, Section 2251-2256) that made it unlawful to utilize a PC totransmit notices or visual delineations of kid erotic entertainment and itprohibited the purchasing, selling, or in any case acquiring impermanent guardianship orcontrol of youngsters to deliver kid sex entertainment. On November29, 1990, the U.S. Congress authorized US Code : Title 18, Section 2252 creation it afederal wrongdoing to have at least three delineations of kid sex entertainment that weremailed or transported in interstate or outside trade or that were delivered usingmaterials that were sent or dispatched using any and all means, including by PC. Withthe section of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, it is a felony foranyone utilizing the mail, interstate or remote business, to convince, instigate, orentice any individual more youthful than the age of 18 to participate in any sexual demonstration forwhich the individual might be criminally arraigned. The Child Pornography PreventionAct of 1996 cha nges the meaning of youngster sex entertainment to incorporate that whichactually portrays the sexual direct of genuine minor kids and that whichappears to be a delineation of a minor taking part in sexual lead. Computer,photographic, and copy innovation is incredibly skilled at making andaltering pictures that have been transformed to look like youngsters eventhough those captured may have really been grown-ups. Individuals who alterpornographic pictures to seem as though youngsters would now be able to be indicted under the law. .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .postImageUrl , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:visited , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:active { border:0!important; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:active , .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u f4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf4a0caf91cf49580b9c6408805a6aa7f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Hobbes Essay ThesisAbstracts for these laws can be found at http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/. The present enactment set up at the government and state level unmistakably defineschild erotic entertainment, and the standard condemning for wrongdoers. It likewise clearlydefines a minor and what movement including a minor is unlawful. What thelegislation doesn't do is set the gauges for retreival of proof from anelectronic gadget, to be specific PCs. Likewise, the present enactment doesn't setstandards for unscrambling kid erotic entertainment that is ensured. One model is theuse of Steganography. Steganography utilizes a bitstream calculation to hideinformation as crude parallel code inside different records appropriate to holdinformation. The most normally utilized type of Steganography utilizes the leastsignificant bit of a bitmap picture to store for all intents and purposes any sort of data. Each three bytes in a bitmap document speaks to a pixel. Each of these bytesrepresents a degree of red, blue or green. Since there are eight bits in a byte,there can be up to 256 distinct mixes of 1s and 0s of every a solitary byte. On account of a bitmap, every one of a kind blend of 1s and 0s speaks to alevel of red, blue or green. At the point when the hues are joined, there is thepossibility of 256^3 or 4,294,967,296 various hues. So as to hideinformation inside a bitmap document, the record where you need to shroud must becopied bit for bit into the last piece of every byte in the bitmap record. This willchange every pixel of the bitmap record at the most by 1/2,097,152, depending onwhether the bit being replicated is equivalent to the bit it is supplanting. Since thehuman eye can just genuinely recognize a normal of 250 differentcolors, a distinction of 1/2,097,152 is vague. Since only one bitof the objective bitmap is being utilized to store data, the source document can atmost be 1/8 of the size of the objective record. On account of a bitmap, a highresolution picture can undoubtedly hold a lower goals picture that may containchild erotic entertainment. Legitimately, if a bitmap picture is found to conta in a covered up imageusing steganography, there is no lawful system for extricating that evidencefor a legal dispute. The indictment would need to by one way or another disclose howsteganography attempts to a jury, and to the appointed authority, and would need to demonstrate in some way or another that the data found did in actuality originate from that bitmap record. As of now, proof found thusly is prohibited in court on the grounds that thereis no enactment managing this sort of proof. Likewise, there is no standardapproved programming that will translate these records. There are a few softwareprograms promptly accessible on the web which will encode or decodeinformation utilizing the least critical piece calculation. One model is calledHide and Seek. Anybody can get this product for nothing out of pocket, making it easyfor youngster pornographers to conceal their work. Another issue is unlawful materialthat is put away on a remote PC. On the off chance that the culprit of kid pornographydoes not own the PC that the material is put away on, it would be difficultfor law authorization authorities to acquire

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 29

Contextual investigation Example Every one of the medical clinics has their own interesting society that can either help or forestall the adapting capacity of the representatives with the pressure of working in their requesting surroundings. As the person accountable for mingling the new medical caretakers, I would initially impart the ideal practices through either composed or verbal correspondence. I would guarantee that I good example the necessary practices on consistent schedule. I would likewise build up a mentorship program for them to urge them to participate in a two-manner correspondence and manufacture trust in them in their initial vocation. This will guarantee that they stay roused constantly. I would likewise make an opportunity for about hardly any hours to offer them a reprieve from their works and cause them to feel restored. There are different difficulties that emergency clinics face while making a culture that helps in the decrease and the executives of worry among the representatives. One of them is that they need to concoct an imaginative methodology of guaranteeing that they oversee on the time spent on persuading representatives. The explanation is that the emergency clinic needs to proceed with its ordinary tasks while the steady culture is as yet going on. Along these lines, they need to isolate the workers into movements to take them out in shifts for example, and this can be exorbitant over the long haul. Besides, a few emergency clinics do not have the necessary time to propel their representatives in the necessary levels. This is thinking about that medical clinic attendants, specialists and attendants are feeling the squeeze on schedule and they need to concentrate on patients. On the off chance that the medical clinic needs enough number of attendants, specialists and staff, at that point t hinking of a hierarchical culture to lessen and oversee feelings of anxiety in the emergency clinic may be troublesome (Ivancevich, Konopaske, and Matteson, 2013). There was a sure association that I worked for that had lacking representatives. The couple of representatives that worked there had high-feelings of anxiety and needed to manage a great deal in the association setting. In this manner, the

Native Or Non-native English Speaker Teacher Of English Essay

Native Or Non-native English Speaker Teacher Of English Essay Native Or Non-native English Speaker Teacher Of English â€" Essay Example > English speaking languagesEnglish is a language with great influence globally. It is taught widely all over the world under different conditions and rules. In developed countries, English teaching has evolved in two broad directions. This include for use in instruction of the foreign people intending to live in the country and for the advancement of the knowledge of the people living in the country. Teaching English as a language has followed distinct training qualifications. It has formed a separate professional association, which is a nongovernmental organization geared in seeking to further professional knowledge of interested group of individuals and for public interest. These two broad arms have different funding structures which influences the way English as a language is taught in schools and in colleges. It also influence the way schools are established. Teaching English as a language is important in achieving the goal of cross-cultural and Trans cultural communication whi ch is important in fulfilling the demands of people who want to improve their English proficiency (Anchimbe, 2006). English as a foreign language (EFL) courses indicates the use of English language in a non- English speaking region. Study can occur in the home country of the students as part of the curriculum EFL courses are taken to pass an exam or as a necessity in ones education. It may be part of the school curriculum or as part of the foreign language. Teachers of EFL generally assume that the student learning English are literate as they use it as their mother tongue. ESL is learnt to function in the country as a necessity to function in the day-to-day communication. Language teachers often assume that difficulties that learners face in English are because of the degree of variation between native countries. Most people who teach English are native English speakers. They are schoolteachers and hold relevant teaching qualification in their countries. Problems exist because of poor qualifications of the teachers and poor training provided by institutions. Speaking the right English is important in the advancement of careers. Studies have shown that most people who have an advanced knowledge in English are able to advance in their careers. Many factors affect the level of delivery when teaching English language these factors include the cultural difference between the teacher and students, the socio economic background and the communicative power of the teacher. The teacher has to have a past teaching experience in order to qualify to be the best teacher for ESL. The teachers' attitude affects the level of performance of students. Teachers should be optimistic, and they should exercise patience on the students learning English as a foreign language as it is not an easy task (Mahboob, 2006, p. 63). There are stereotypes that take for granted that native speakers are the best person to teach English. This assumption has left little room for the non-native teachers. The following examples are able to show that the non-native teaches have some advantages over the native teachers. Attitudes necessary for an English teacher should be a positive attitude that will encourage students to learn English more efficiently and effectively. Pessimistic attitude that is prevalent in some teachers is not acceptable and it makes the learning process difficult for the ESL students, as they will tend to conclude that English language is difficult (Phillipson, 1992, p. 14).

Meaning of Ahimsa Essay - 1980 Words

Meaning of Ahimsa Ahimsa is a Sanskrit term that translates roughly into non-injury to living beings or dynamic harmlessness. Ahimsa tends to evoke images of monks wearing cloths over their faces to avoid breathing microscopic beings and sweeping the insects off the path in front of them as they walk so they wont accidentally crush one under their feet. One cannot easily live in todays world without causing some harm to other beings - but that does not mean we shouldnt try to keep it to a minimum. There are some relatively easy steps you can take to reduce the suffering in your wake. Practice of Ahimsa develops love. Ahimsa is another name for truth or love.†¦show more content†¦Ahimsa is the pivot and all virtues revolve around Ahimsa. Just as all footprints are accommodated in those of the elephant, so also do all religious rules become merged in the great vow of Ahimsa. Ahimsa is soul-force. Hate melts in the presence of love. Hate dissolves in the presence of Ahimsa. There is no power greater than Ahimsa. The practice of Ahimsa develops will power to a considerable degree. The practice of Ahimsa will make you fearless. He, who practices Ahimsa with real faith, can move the whole world, can tame wild animals and can win the hearts of all his enemies. He can do and undo things. The power of Ahimsa is infinitely more wonderful and subtler than electricity or magnetism. The law of Ahimsa is as much exact and precise as the law of gravitation. You must know the correct way to apply it intelligently and with scientific accuracy. If you are able to apply it with precision, you can work wonders. You can command the elements and Nature as well. Forms of Ahimsa Only the ordinary people think that Ahimsa is not to hurt any living being physically. The vow of Ahimsa is broken even by showing contempt towards another man, by entertaining unreasonable dislike for or prejudice towards anybody, by frowning at another man, by hating another man, by abusing another man, by speaking ill of others, byShow MoreRelatedGandy and the Ahimsa Philosophy Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs developed in the search of truth and non violence, or ahimsa, the opposite being himsa. Ahimsa is simply defined as to not injure, and himsa defined as to injure. Ahimsa is also referred to as nonviolence, according to many religions (Indian) it applies to all living beings including. â€Å"Ahimsa is a comprehensive principle. We are helpless mortals caught in the conflagration of himsa. The saying that life lives on life has a deep meaning in it. Man cannot for a moment live without consciouslyRead MoreGandhi Satyagraha1402 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-violenc e, and finally, we will take a look at the application of Satyagraha in terms of the Indian liberation. The Roots of  ¡Ã‚ ®Satyagraha ¡Ã‚ ¯ The word Satyagraha is derived from the Sanskrit words sat which means truth and agraha, meaning firmness ¡Ã‚ ±, giving meaning to what Gandhi liked to call  ¡Ã‚ °holding on to truth ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °soul-force (Easwaran, 48). As Gandhi explains in his autobiography, the principles of Satyagraha came into existence long before the actual term was conceived. Therefore itRead MoreGandhis Philosophy of Non-Violence818 Words   |  4 Pageshistory and fittingly has a place in the pantheon of the visionaries who changed the world. His philosophies of ahimsa and satyagraha, meaning non violence and non violent resistance respectively as a form of civil resistance and disobedience is one of the most prominent and most renowned for its massive implementations throught history. 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Mahatma Gandhi, originally named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, says he was recognised and received the title â€Å"Mahatma† (meaning great soul) by following 2 of these virtues. He practiced â€Å"Ahimsa†-- meaning non violence of one s actions, words, and thoughts-- and â€Å"Satya†-- m eaning truth. MahatmaRead MorePersonal Worldview Inventory : Spirituality961 Words   |  4 Pagesopinion, spirituality is the way of existing in the society and the world because every human being learn to adjust in the society from their religious beliefs and value systems which are unique among various people. Spirituality helps to find the meaning of different circumstances of the individual’s life, which provides better solution of any problem in their life. Similarly, spirituality explains the human boundaries which promotes the safety and belongingness among various people. Also it is theRead MoreJainism Is The Last Of The Great Teachers1575 Words   |  7 Pageswords and imagery, the Jains have put many of them into a different context. Some of the main symbols and meanings of those symbols for Jainism include the shape of human torso which represents the shape of universe. The small arc at the top of the Jain emblem representing the realm of heaven. The three dots depicting the â€Å"three jewels†, which themselves stand for major tenants of Jainism: Ahimsa: non-violence; all things deserve to live evolve as they can Aparigrapha: non-attachment, â€Å"travel light

Human Resource Development - 963 Words

6. Few HRD professionals would disagree that practice plays an important role in learning and retention. Using your knowledge of the conditions of practice, what sort of practice do you think would be most effective for training mechanics in a new installation procedure for automobile air-conditioners? How about for training new managers to comply with a new Employee Assistant Programme Act. Jon M. Werner and Randy L. DeSimone in their book Human Resource Management defined Human Resource Development as a set of systematic and planned activities designed by an organization to provide its members with the opportunity to learn necessary skills to meet current and future job demands. The business dictionary defines it as training an†¦show more content†¦Secondly for the mechanics to continually retain the information being learned there should be little or no interference or it should be taken into consideration when training. This meaning that sometimes the knowledge of the old procedure might affect the way the mechanics learn the new procedure also if new steps are added while installing the air conditioner in a different vehicle it can cause confusion in the learning process. The case of the new Employee Assistant Programme Act, since it is an act where information may be presented in a document and the managers can always refer to it when needed, I would suggest using the conditions of active practice. This being the Employees Assistance Programme Act would be something that they would have to implement everyday so it would certainly give the managers the opportunity to perform the task and use the knowledge being used. Also because there is no real step by step process of implementing the act then the conditions of a massed practice session can be put in place, for example a meeting can be held where all managers are taught and given an explanation of the act and why it is necessary, as well as the document of the act where they can refer to when needed. By giving an explanation and ensure the managers what is the purpose and the reason for the Employee Assistant Programme Act , it leaves room for better retention since they are aware of the meaningfu lness of they are being taught. AlsoShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Development1748 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management entails managing recruitment, planning, and implementing a selection of organizational development training within the business. The goals that the HRM has is maximizing the productivity of the workplace by improving the effectiveness of their employees while at one time improving and treating the work life of employees as valuable resources. Human resources development: To encompasses the efforts to promote personal development, the company’s employee satisfaction, andRead MoreHuman Resource Development2731 Words   |  11 Pages1. Introduction of Study: Human Resource Development (HRD) at micro level or organizational level is a process by which employees of an organization are helped in systematic and continuous way to: Develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge and abilities. 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Consequently, it is important to develop a strategic plan which e ncompasses the various factors that are involvedRead MoreDevelopment Of Human Resource Management Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesReview â€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. After, it analyzes and discusses the difficulties of human resource management research and itsRead MoreHuman Resource Planning and Development3902 Words   |  16 PagesHuman Resource Planning and Development Md. Helal Uddin Business Administration Discipline Khulna University 2010 Md. 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Sustainable Transport Policy Free Essays

1. Developing Countries and Transportation Transportation in developing countries is considered to be a significant influence on major global issues, many of which are associated with the state of the environment and of human life. According to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries â€Å"are taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies†, but the developed countries â€Å"are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico†. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Transport Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cities within developing countries are different in their economic, political and demographic aspects. However, economic improvement can lead to growth in the road and transport infrastructure but vehicle ownership slows this rate (Gwilliam, 2003). The existing city structure and political history means that most of these cities are unable to provide efficient mass transports services due to â€Å"scatter pockets† (Gwilliam, 2003). The quickly increasing population is related with a below average proportion of the land that is allocated for transport. Whilst other sectors, such as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, transportation problems can be seen to worsen with economic development (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). It can be difficult to examine common urban transportation issues in developing countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, one of the important trends is population growth; the population density rate in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to increase to 60% by 2025; developing countries have a massive share of this rate of about 90% (Road Management Engineering Journal, 1998). Furthermore, any increase in the population leads to an increase in transport problems, such as car ownership – which has risen in developing countries in recent years along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars; this also relates to economic growth (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or three wheels is also rising, especially in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of pollution (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of suitable public transportation to match the population growth is another issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its contrast with capital costs. Hence, another phenomenon emerges which is a city’s sporadic growth without following a regular pattern. It makes it difficult for people to gain use from mass transportation and means that the city needs additional provisions for public transport and to improve the access to transport. However, these transportation trends are influenced strongly by environmental and social standards which are completely linked to life quality and production. These involve â€Å"congestion, energy consumption, air pollution, and traffic crashes† (Road Management Engineering Journal, 1998). 2. Transport problems The fundamental social and economic actions are people’s mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of transportation used worldwide and their numbers have grown massively in developing countries; especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and road infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are traffic congestion, environmental issues, safety and poverty. 2.1. Congestion This phenomenon is common in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increasing car ownership has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities reach the rate of car use and congestion as those in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average travel speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased travel time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in one-way roads is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, while in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ow nership growth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be faster than population growth; it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex relationship between urban growth and transport services. Currently about 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasingly, and developing countries share approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up about 14% of the planet’s population, equivalent to about one billion people; in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. Urbanization could be observed at a higher level in North Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilit ies and poor vehicle quality (Abuhamoud, ibid). This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the country’s rapid economic growth. It is expected that this figure will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to people’s immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy because the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle stock was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries; this was 24% in 2002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system. Much more can be done to combat congestion, such as: encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas; improving transport quality between cities; stopping transport subsidies in cities; improving road management and structure by devoting a sufficient land for roads; improving traffic management and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus stations by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and then mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could offer a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999). 2.2. Environment problems Transport and movement have a direct impact on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human health. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and Santiago, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can inflict serious damages to the public health. In addition to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines outline and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from increased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to people’s health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of oil which means an increase in CO2 emissions which directly causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people worldwide; for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing life threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the main cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy using and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately 140% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nations (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons; however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the main sourc e for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003). Additionally, there are a large number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwilliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of today’s transport seems unsatisfactory in the sustainability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanity’s health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). The environment can be improved by working to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest â€Å"inspection and maintenance (I/M) programme†, using new motorcycle technology, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the â€Å"own-price elasticity for gasoline consumption† (Gwilliam, 2003). 2.3. Safety Safety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injured due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victim’s psychological state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a dri ver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this country (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far as the road space. This has been applied in most cities in China. The deficiency of bicycle paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). However, transport safety and security can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gwilliam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced through improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable enough for all road users. 2.4. Poverty The distributional impacts of transport developments which have declined to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walking although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the main modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make fewer trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of better quality transport which can increase the opportunity for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians’ path surface and pavement design could help safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to raise attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport network in cities (Gwilliam, 2003). 3. Transport and life As the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and essential spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and people’s mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into account what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements. 4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 Climate Change The transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorization and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and climate change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). Climate change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the future (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are modes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages people’s tendency to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24% , which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expected to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emissions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through â€Å"improving fuel technology† and finding a â€Å"mode-shifting solution† (Wright and Fulton, 2005). 4.2. Peak Oil Peak oil is another issue worth mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in terms of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters – Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway – is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an enormous oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007). Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from policy interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are positive impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008). Conclusion: It is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects on the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), using new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into consideration the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to keep the current public and non-motorised transport running, in order to developing future sustainable transport and to protect the climate and the energy. References Abuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa: A review. The Social Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63. [online] http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf [accessed October 22th 2013]. Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and exporting countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. [online] http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy transport Policies Section. [online] http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf [accessed October 24th 2013]. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: a review. Journal of transport geography, 15(5), pp. 354-367. [online] http://www.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Cheng, H., Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in China’s urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), pp. 119-126. [online] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauth#!divAbstract [accessed October 25th 2013]. Dargay, J., Gately, D., Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960-2030. The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. [online] http://www.xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf [accessed October 25th 2013]. Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 33(7), 671-689. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051 [accessed October 22th 2013]. Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [accessed October 20th 2013]. Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries: Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), pp. 154-166. [online] https://webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf [accessed October 23th 2013]. TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management Engineering Journal. [online] 1-800-777-2338 http://www.usroads.com/index.html [accessed October 22th 2013]. Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. [online] http://www.sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391:challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary [accessed October 20th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. Wright, L., Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. How to cite Sustainable Transport Policy, Essay examples

Literacy Narrative Essay Example

Literacy Narrative Essay Literacy Narrative The anticipation of knowing whether we were going to be champions or not was very high as we played our hearts out on the court. Everything wed practiced for was being put to the test in this one moment. It all came down to this last lay-up. Did we get the point? When I was eleven years old I played recreational basketball with a nearby playground called Susan Park. Me and my little brother both were involved in almost every sport they offered. My favorites were volleyball and basketball. Going to practice was the highlight of my day. I really put my heart into these sports. Our basketball team this particular year was undefeated. As a post player and shooting guard there was a lot of pressure on me to get the ball to the goal at any cost and thats ultimately what I did in every game. It was our championship game and the heat was on like never before. Recruiters from the All-Stars team were there to watch us and pick their favorites so the pressure was definitely on for the players who were looking to take it to the next level. The game starts and were all basically in the warm-up stage of the game wed score, theyd score, nothing too intense. We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literacy Narrative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All of a sudden we start getting into the climax of the game, only about five minutes left. We were only two points away from beating them and it was up to one person on our team to step up and go for the game winning lay-up, that person was me. There were a few seconds left of the game and we still had to get up the court and to the goal. As the referee blew the whistle my heart sank but I knew what I had to do. The ball was passed to me and with no hesitation I ran down the court as if I was the only person out there and went up for the lay-up like a pro and I made it! This was definitely the best day of my life. The crowd rushed towards me and picked me up just like in the movies, I felt like a star! After the crowd and everything calmed down and came to an end a recruiter from the all-star team came up to me and extended invitation for me to tryout and hopefully being a member of the team. I was ecstatic about the opportunity and I did make it and went on to play for the Kenner All-Stars. This was definitely a memorable moment in my life and taught me to always go for even the things in life that you may doubt or be nervous about. Not all things are impossible.